{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:04:27Z","timestamp":1777511067834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) - Collaborative Health Research Projects Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02229-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T11:02:45Z","timestamp":1595329365000},"page":"1597-1609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A visual odometry base-tracking system for intraoperative C-arm guidance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5654-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Haliburton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hooman","family":"Esfandiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Anglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2229_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318158fd42","volume":"21","author":"F Matthews","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matthews F, Hoigne DJ, Weiser M, Wanner GA, Regazzoni P, Suhm N, Messmer P (2007) Navigating the fluoroscope\u02bcs C-arm back into position: an accurate and practicable solution to cut radiation and optimize intraoperative workflow. J Orthop Trauma 21:687\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318158fd42","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"2229_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.05.020","volume":"35","author":"N Suhm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suhm N, M\u00fcller P, Bopp U, Messmer P, Regazzoni P (2004) The MEPUC concept adapts the C-arm fluoroscope to image-guided surgery. Injury 35:120\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2004.05.020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2229_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-013-0957-9","volume":"9","author":"S Amiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amiri S, Wilson DR, Masri BA, Anglin C (2014) A low-cost tracked C-arm (TC-arm) upgrade system for versatile quantitative intraoperative imaging. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 9:695\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-013-0957-9","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"2229_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-217-2014","volume":"XL-5","author":"H Esfandiari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esfandiari H, Amiri S, Lichti DD, Anglin C (2014) A fast, accurate and easy to implement method for pose recognition of an intramedullary nail using a tracked C-arm. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci XL-5:217\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-217-2014","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"key":"2229_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1732","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1732","volume":"13","author":"W Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian W, Zeng C, An Y, Wang C, Liu Y, Li J (2017) Accuracy and postoperative assessment of pedicle screw placement during scoliosis surgery with computer-assisted navigation: a meta-analysis. Int J Med Robot 13:e1732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.1732","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"key":"2229_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4196-9","volume":"25","author":"A Todesca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Todesca A, Garro L, Penna M, Bejui-Hugues J (2017) Conventional versus computer-navigated TKA: a prospective randomized study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:1778\u20131783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-016-4196-9","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"2229_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3109\/10929088.2010.530793","volume":"15","author":"T Rudolph","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rudolph T, Ebert L, Kowal J (2010) Comparison of three optical tracking systems in a complex navigation scenario. Comput Aided Surg 15:104\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10929088.2010.530793","journal-title":"Comput Aided Surg"},{"key":"2229_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-012-0744-z","volume":"8","author":"J Yoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoo J, Schafer S, Uneri A, Otake Y, Khanna AJ, Siewerdsen JH (2013) An electromagnetic \u201cTracker-in-Table\u201d configuration for X-ray fluoroscopy and cone-beam CT-guided surgery. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 8:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-012-0744-z","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"2229_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moult, E, Burdette EC, Song DY, Abolmaesumi P, Fichtinger G, Fallavollita P (2011) Automatic C-arm pose estimation via 2D\/3D hybrid registration of a radiographic fiducial. In: Medical imaging 2011: visualization, image-guided procedures, and modeling, vol 7964. SPIE, pp 839\u2013846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.877713","DOI":"10.1117\/12.877713"},{"key":"2229_CR10","unstructured":"Reaungamornrat S, Otake Y, Uneri A, Schafer S, Stayman JW, Zbijewski W, Mirota DJ, Yoo J, Nithiananthan S, Khanna AJ (2011) Tracker-on-C: a novel tracker configuration for image-guided therapy using a mobile C-arm. Comput Assist Radiol Surg Berl Ger 22\u201325"},{"key":"2229_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85990-1_69","volume-title":"Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention\u2014MICCAI 2008","author":"L Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang L, Traub J, Heining SM, Benhimane S, Euler E, Graumann R, Navab N (2008) Long bone X-ray image stitching using camera augmented mobile C-arm. In: Metaxas D, Axel L, Fichtinger G, Sz\u00e9kely G (eds) Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention\u2014MICCAI 2008. Springer, Berlin, pp 578\u2013586"},{"key":"2229_CR12","unstructured":"Touchette M (2017) Artificial X-ray imaging system (AXIS)\u2014design and evaluation on c-arm performance in operating room and educational settings. (Masters thesis). University of British Columbia"},{"key":"2229_CR13","unstructured":"Amini M (2016) A fluoroscopy-based intraoperative tool for measuring alignments in spinal deformity correction surgery (Masters thesis). University of British Columbia"},{"key":"2229_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ee6bd4","volume":"35","author":"F Schwab","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schwab F, Patel A, Ungar B, Farcy J-P, Lafage V (2010) Adult spinal deformity\u2014postoperative standing imbalance: how much can you tolerate? An overview of key parameters in assessing alignment and planning corrective surgery. Spine 35:2224\u20132231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ee6bd4","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2229_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.08.003","volume":"101","author":"A Clav\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clav\u00e9 A, Sauleau V, Cheval D, Williams T, Lef\u00e8vre C, Stindel E (2015) Can computer-assisted surgery help restore leg length and offset during THA? A continuous series of 321 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 101:791\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.08.003","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"2229_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","volume":"22","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang Z (2000) A flexible new technique for camera calibration. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22:1330\u20131334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/34.888718","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"2229_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411917735556","volume":"231","author":"H Esfandiari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esfandiari H, Lichti D, Anglin C (2017) Single-camera visual odometry to track a surgical X-ray C-arm base. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 231:1140\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954411917735556","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]"},{"key":"2229_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasi C, Manduchi R (1998) Bilateral filtering for gray and color images. In: Sixth international conference on computer vision (IEEE Cat. No. 98CH36271). Narosa Publishing House, Bombay, India, pp 839\u2013846","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1998.710815"},{"key":"2229_CR19","unstructured":"Hough PV (1962) Method and means for recognizing complex patterns. US3069654A"},{"key":"2229_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","volume":"8","author":"J Canny","year":"1986","unstructured":"Canny J (1986) A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell PAMI 8:679\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell PAMI"},{"key":"2229_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rublee E, Rabaud V, Konolige K, Bradski G (2011) ORB: an efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF. In: 2011 international conference on computer vision, pp 2564\u20132571","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126544"},{"key":"2229_CR22","unstructured":"OpenCV Dev Team OpenCV documentation: feature. (Accessed 03 Nov 2019)"},{"key":"2229_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe DG (2004) Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int J Comput Vis 60:91\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"2229_CR24","unstructured":"Northern Digital Inc (2015) Optotrak Certus: technical specifications"},{"key":"2229_CR25","volume-title":"Kinematics of human motion","author":"VM Zatsiorsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky VM (1998) Kinematics of human motion. Human Kinetics, Windsor"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02229-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02229-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02229-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T23:44:41Z","timestamp":1626824681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02229-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02229-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6410","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. This article does not contain patient data. All evaluations were carried out by the authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}