{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T09:00:30Z","timestamp":1768726830925,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007195","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007195","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People with drug-refractory epilepsy are potential candidates for surgery. In many cases, epileptogenic zone localization requires intracranial investigations, e.g., via ElectroCorticoGraphy (ECoG), which uses subdural electrodes to map eloquent areas of large cortical regions. Precise electrodes localization on cortical surface is mandatory to delineate the seizure onset zone. Simple thresholding operations performed on patients\u2019 computed tomography (CT) volumes recognize electrodes but also other metal objects (e.g., wires, stitches), which need to be manually removed. A new automated method based on shape analysis is proposed, which provides substantially improved performances in ECoG electrodes recognition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proposed method was retrospectively tested on 24 CT volumes of subjects with drug-refractory focal epilepsy, presenting a large number (&gt;\u20091700) of round platinum electrodes. After CT volume thresholding, six geometric features of voxel clusters (volume, symmetry axes lengths, circularity and cylinder similarity) were used to recognize the actual electrodes among all metal objects via a Gaussian support vector machine (G-SVM). The proposed method was further tested on seven CT volumes from a public repository. Simultaneous recognition of depth and ECoG electrodes was also investigated on three additional CT volumes, containing penetrating depth electrodes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The G-SVM provided a 99.74% mean classification accuracy across all 24 single-patient datasets, as well as on the combined dataset. High accuracies were obtained also on the CT volumes from public repository (98.27% across all patients, 99.68% on combined dataset). An overall accuracy of 99.34% was achieved for the recognition of depth and ECoG electrodes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proposed method accomplishes automated ECoG electrodes localization with unprecedented accuracy and can be easily implemented into existing software for preoperative analysis process. The preliminary yet surprisingly good results achieved for the simultaneous depth and ECoG electrodes recognition are encouraging.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Ethical approval n\u00b0NCT04479410 by \u201cIRCCS Neuromed\u201d (Pozzilli, Italy), 30th July 2020.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02325-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T13:00:34Z","timestamp":1615294834000},"page":"543-554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficient automated localization of ECoG electrodes in CT images via shape analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Centracchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Andreozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Di Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Morace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Casciato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bifulco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.064","volume":"53","author":"H Abou-Al-Shaar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abou-Al-Shaar H, Brock AA, Kundu B, Englot DJ, Rolston JD (2018) Increased nationwide use of stereoencephalography for intracranial epilepsy electroencephalography recordings. J Clin Neurosci 53:132\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.064","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2325_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.11.012","volume":"82","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu B, Zhang H (2018) Surgical versus medical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav 82:179\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.11.012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2325_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1683","volume":"124","author":"F Rosenow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rosenow F, L\u00fcders H (2001) Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124:1683\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1683","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2325_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13515","volume":"57","author":"P Jayakar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jayakar P, Gotman J, Harvey AS, Palmini A, Tassi L, Schomer D, Dubeau F, Bartolomei F, Yu A, Kr\u0161ek P, Velis D, Kahane P (2016) Diagnostic utility of invasive EEG for epilepsy surgery: indications, modalities, and techniques. Epilepsia 57:1735\u20131747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.13515","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2325_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2004.01.018","volume":"97","author":"JP Lachaux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lachaux JP, Rudrauf D, Kahane P (2003) Intracranial EEG and human brain mapping. J Physiol-Paris 97:613\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2004.01.018","journal-title":"J Physiol-Paris"},{"key":"2325_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-013-0915-6","volume":"9","author":"V Taimouri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taimouri V, Akhondi-Asl A, Tomas-Fernandez X, Peters JM, Prabhu SP, Poduri A, Takeoka M, Loddenkemper T, Bergin AMR, Harini C, Madsen JR, Warfield SK (2014) Electrode localization for planning surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone in pediatric epilepsy. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 9:91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-013-0915-6","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"2325_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.04.001","volume":"15","author":"P Brunner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brunner P, Ritaccio AL, Lynch TM, Emrich JF, Wilson JA, Williams JC, Aarnoutse EJ, Ramsey NF, Leuthardt EC, Bischof H, Schalk G (2009) A practical procedure for real-time functional mapping of eloquent cortex using electrocorticographic signals in humans. Epilepsy Behav 15:278\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.04.001","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2325_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0511-6","volume":"16","author":"G Arnulfo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arnulfo G, Narizzano M, Cardinale F, Fato MM, Palva JM (2015) Automatic segmentation of deep intracerebral electrodes in computed tomography scans. BMC Bioinformatics 16:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0511-6","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2325_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.046","volume":"59","author":"AR Dykstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dykstra AR, Chan AM, Quinn BT, Zepeda R, Keller CJ, Cormier J, Madsen JR, Eskandar EN, Cash SS (2012) Individualized localization and cortical surface-based registration of intracranial electrodes. Neuroimage 59:3563\u20133570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.046","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2325_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.10.005","volume":"185","author":"D Hermes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hermes D, Miller KJ, Noordmans HJ, Vansteensel MJ, Ramsey NF (2010) Automated electrocorticographic electrode localization on individually rendered brain surfaces. J Neurosci Methods 185:293\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.10.005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2325_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.10.022","volume":"301","author":"MP Branco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Branco MP, Gaglianese A, Glen DR, Hermes D, Saad ZS, Petridou N, Ramsey NF (2018) ALICE: a tool for automatic localization of intra-cranial electrodes for clinical and high-density grids. J Neurosci Methods 301:43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.10.022","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2325_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.08.007","volume":"273","author":"D Brang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brang D, Dai Z, Zheng W, Towle VL (2016) Registering imaged ECoG electrodes to human cortex: a geometry-based technique. J Neurosci Methods 273:64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.08.007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2325_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.01.022","volume":"281","author":"DM Groppe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Groppe DM, Bickel S, Dykstra AR, Wang X, M\u00e9gevand P, Mercier MR, Lado FA, Mehta AD, Honey CJ (2017) iELVis: an open source MATLAB toolbox for localizing and visualizing human intracranial electrode data. J Neurosci Methods 281:40\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.01.022","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2325_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-010-9092-8","volume":"9","author":"A Joshi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joshi A, Scheinost D, Okuda H, Belhachemi D, Murphy I, Staib LH, Papademetris X (2011) Unified framework for development, deployment and robust testing of neuroimaging algorithms. Neuroinformatics 9:69\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12021-010-9092-8","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2325_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2017.00014","volume":"11","author":"AO Blenkmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blenkmann AO, Phillips HN, Princich JP, Rowe JB, Bekinschtein TA, Muravchik CH, Kochen S (2017) iElectrodes: a comprehensive open-source toolbox for depth and subdural grid electrode localization. Front Neuroinformatics 11:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fninf.2017.00014","journal-title":"Front Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2325_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.07.026","volume":"20","author":"WA Hinds","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hinds WA, Misra A, Sperling MR, Sharan A, Tracy JI, Moxon KA (2018) Enhanced co-registration methods to improve intracranial electrode contact localization. NeuroImage Clin 20:398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.07.026","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"2325_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab51a5","volume":"17","author":"L Guangye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guangye L, Jiang S, Chen C, Brunner P, Wu Z, Schalk G, Chen L, Zhang D (2019) iEEGview: an open-source multifunction GUI-based Matlab toolbox for localization and visualization of human intracranial electrodes. J Neural Eng 17:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab51a5","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"2325_CR18","unstructured":"http:\/\/ieeg.org. Accessed on: October 23, 2020"},{"key":"2325_CR19","volume-title":"Image processing and analysis","author":"S Birchfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Birchfield S (2016) Image processing and analysis. Cengage Learning"},{"key":"2325_CR20","unstructured":"Witten IH, Frank E, Hall MA, Pal CJ (2016) Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 4th edn. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Elsevier"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-021-02325-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-021-02325-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-021-02325-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T03:44:06Z","timestamp":1618631046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-021-02325-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-021-02325-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6410","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that any aspect of the work covered in this manuscript that has involved human patients, has been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki; the ethical approval n\u00b0NCT04479410 was provided by the \u201cIRCCS Neuromed\u201d (Pozzilli, Italy) and submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on July 30, 2020.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}