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Subjective reports have suggested that performing laparoscopic surgery in patients with a high body mass index (BMI) is leading to increased prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in surgeons. The aim of this study was to objectively quantify the impact on surgeon upper body kinematics and dynamic workload when performing simulated laparoscopy at different BMI levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Upper body kinematics and dynamic workload of novice, intermediate and expert surgeons were calculated based on measurements from inertial measurement units positioned on upper body segments. Varying thicknesses of foam were used to simulate patient BMIs of 20, 30, 40 and 50\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> during laparoscopic training.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Significant increases in the jerkiness, angular speed and cumulative displacement of the head, torso and upper arms were found within all experience groups when subject to the 40 and 50\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> models. Novice surgeons were found to have less controlled kinematics and larger dynamic workloads compared to the more experienced surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings indicate that performing laparoscopic surgery on a high BMI model worsens upper body motion efficiency and efficacy, and increases dynamic workload, producing conditions that are more physically demanding when compared to operating on a 20\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> model. These findings also suggest that the head, torso, and upper arm segments are especially affected by high BMI models and therefore exposure to patients with high BMIs may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury when performing laparoscopic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02455-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T14:02:30Z","timestamp":1627135350000},"page":"75-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Objective assessment of surgeon kinematics during simulated laparoscopic surgery: a preliminary evaluation of the effect of high body mass index models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8883-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Sers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steph","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Zecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2455_CR1","unstructured":"NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Obesity\u202f: identification , assessment and management, 2020"},{"key":"2455_CR2","unstructured":"NHS Digital, Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet-England, Stat. 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Esther Moss performs da\u2019Vinci robotic gynecological surgery (Intuitive Surgical) and is a member of the British and Irish Association of Robotic Surgeons (BIARGS), which is supported by robotic\/laparoscopic companies to hold education\/training events. Esther Moss has served on advisory boards for Inivata and GlaxoSmithKline; received speaker fees from GlaxoSmithKline; has received research grants from Hope Against Cancer and Intuitive Surgical for unrelated work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted at Loughborough University, UK. Ethical approval was granted by the Loughborough University Ethics Approvals Sub-Committee and all participants provided voluntary informed consent prior to testing.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval & consent to participate"}}]}}