{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:55:49Z","timestamp":1777953349158,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014607","name":"Royal Children's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Johnstone Family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The neuroimaging research community\u2014which includes a broad range of scientific, medical, statistical, and engineering disciplines\u2014has developed many tools to advance our knowledge of brain structure, function, development, aging, and disease. Past research efforts have clearly shaped clinical practice. However, translation of new methodologies into clinical practice is challenging. Anything that can reduce these barriers has the potential to improve the rate at which research outcomes can contribute to clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this article, we introduce\n                      <jats:italic>Karawun<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a file format conversion tool, that has become a key part of our work in translating advances in diffusion imaging acquisition and analysis into neurosurgical practice at our institution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Karawun<\/jats:italic>\n                      links analysis workflows created using open-source neuroimaging software, to Brainlab (Brainlab AG, Munich, Germany), a commercially available surgical planning and navigation suite.\n                      <jats:italic>Karawun<\/jats:italic>\n                      achieves this using DICOM standards supporting representation of 3D structures, including tractography streamlines, and thus offers far more than traditional screenshot or color overlay approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We show that neurosurgical planning data, created from multimodal imaging data using analysis methods implemented in open-source research software, can be imported into Brainlab. The datasets can be manipulated as if they were created by Brainlab, including 3D visualizations of white matter tracts and other objects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians can explore and interact with the results of research neuroimaging pipelines using familiar tools within their standard clinical workflow, understand the impact of the new methods on their practice and provide feedback to methods developers. This capability has been important to the translation of advanced analysis techniques into practice at our institution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02736-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T11:02:35Z","timestamp":1662548555000},"page":"171-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Karawun: a software package for assisting evaluation of advances in multimodal imaging for neurosurgical planning and intraoperative neuronavigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7530-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Beare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Seal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wirginia","family":"Maixner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joseph Yuan-Mou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00383-X","volume":"15","author":"JS Duncan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duncan JS, Winston GP, Koepp MJ, Ourselin S (2016) Brain imaging in the assessment for epilepsy surgery. Lancet Neurol 15:420\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00383-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2736_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.10.03","volume":"5","author":"D Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang D, Ma D, Wong ML, W\u00e1ng YXJ (2015) Recent advances in surgical planning & navigation for tumor biopsy and resection. Quant Imaging Med Surg 5:640\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.10.03","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"2736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.11.FOCUS09234","volume":"28","author":"JM Gonz\u00e1lez-DarDer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-DarDer JM, Gonz\u00e1lez-l\u00f3Pez P, Talamantes F, Quilis V, Cortes V, Garcia-March G, Roldan P (2010) Multimodal navigation in the functional microsurgical resection of intrinsic brain tumors located in eloquent motor areas: role of tractography. Neurosurg Focus 28:E5","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac0d90","author":"JY-M Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang JY-M, Yeh C-H, Poupon C, Calamante F (2021) Diffusion MRI tractography for neurosurgery: the basics, current state, technical reliability and challenges. Phys Med Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac0d90","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00225","volume":"14","author":"F Sanvito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanvito F, Caverzasi E, Riva M, Jordan KM, Blasi V, Scifo P, Iadanza A, Crespi SA, Cirillo S, Casarotti A (2020) fMRI-targeted high-angular resolution diffusion MR tractography to identify functional language tracts in healthy controls and glioma patients. Front Neurosci 14:225","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2736_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.FOCUS12397","volume":"34","author":"B Sommer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sommer B, Grummich P, Coras R, Kasper BS, Blumcke I, Hamer HM, Stefan H, Buchfelder M, Roessler K (2013) Integration of functional neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI in surgery for drug-resistant extratemporal epilepsy close to eloquent brain areas. Neurosurg Focus 34:E4","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01254","author":"JY-M Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang JY-M, Beare R, Wu MH, Barton SM, Malpas CB, Yeh C-H, Harvey AS, Anderson V, Maixner WJ, Seal M (2019) Optic radiation tractography in pediatric brain surgery applications: a reliability and agreement assessment of the tractography method. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01254","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0224-y","volume":"15","author":"M Zijlmans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zijlmans M, Zweiphenning W, van Klink N (2019) Changing concepts in presurgical assessment for epilepsy surgery. Nat Rev Neurol 15:594\u2013606","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.08.031","volume":"39","author":"L Bello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bello L, Gambini A, Castellano A, Carrabba G, Acerbi F, Fava E, Giussani C, Cadioli M, Blasi V, Casarotti A (2008) Motor and language DTI Fiber tracking combined with intraoperative subcortical mapping for surgical removal of gliomas. Neuroimage 39:369\u2013382","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.1.0066","volume":"101","author":"JI Berman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berman JI, Berger MS, Mukherjee P, Henry RG (2004) Diffusion-tensor imaging\u2014guided tracking of fibers of the pyramidal tract combined with intraoperative cortical stimulation mapping in patients with gliomas. J Neurosurg 101:66\u201372","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.199","volume":"7","author":"A Bernasconi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Bernhardt BC, Schrader D (2011) Advances in MRI for\u2019cryptogenic\u2019epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol 7:99","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22924","volume":"65","author":"J-D Tournier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tournier J-D, Mori S, Leemans A (2011) Diffusion tensor imaging and beyond. Magn Reson Med 65:1532\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.22924","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3785","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3785","volume":"32","author":"B Jeurissen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeurissen B, Descoteaux M, Mori S, Leemans A (2019) Diffusion MRI fiber tractography of the brain. NMR Biomed 32:e3785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.3785","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2019.03.001","volume":"112\u2013113","author":"J-D Tournier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tournier J-D (2019) Diffusion MRI in the brain \u2013 Theory and concepts. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 112\u2013113:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc"},{"key":"2736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2018.11.014","volume":"57","author":"KG Schilling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schilling KG, Daducci A, Maier-Hein K, Poupon C, Houde J-C, Nath V, Anderson AW, Landman BA, Descoteaux M (2019) Challenges in diffusion MRI tractography - lessons learned from international benchmark competitions. Magn Reson Imaging 57:194\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mri.2018.11.014","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2013.02.002","volume":"229","author":"DA Feinberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feinberg DA, Setsompop K (2013) Ultra-fast MRI of the human brain with simultaneous multi-slice imaging. J Magn Reson San Diego Calif 229:90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmr.2013.02.002","journal-title":"J Magn Reson San Diego Calif"},{"key":"2736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80775-1","volume":"66","author":"PJ Basser","year":"1994","unstructured":"Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D (1994) MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J 66:259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80775-1","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.037","volume":"23","author":"J-D Tournier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tournier J-D, Calamante F, Gadian DG, Connelly A (2004) Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage 23:1176\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.037","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.016","volume":"35","author":"J-D Tournier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tournier J-D, Calamante F, Connelly A (2007) Robust determination of the fibre orientation distribution in diffusion MRI: Non-negativity constrained super-resolved spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage 35:1459\u20131472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20279","volume":"52","author":"DS Tuch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tuch DS (2004) Q-ball imaging. Magn Reson Med Off J Int Soc Magn Reson Med 52:1358\u20131372","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Off J Int Soc Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10268","volume":"48","author":"DS Tuch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tuch DS, Reese TG, Wiegell MR, Makris N, Belliveau JW, Wedeen VJ (2002) High angular resolution diffusion imaging reveals intravoxel white matter fiber heterogeneity. Magn Reson Med Off J Int Soc Magn Reson Med 48:577\u2013582","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Off J Int Soc Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","volume":"202","author":"J-D Tournier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tournier J-D, Smith R, Raffelt D, Tabbara R, Dhollander T, Pietsch M, Christiaens D, Jeurissen B, Yeh C-H, Connelly A (2019) MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. Neuroimage 202:116137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2736_CR23","unstructured":"Toescu SM, Hales PW, Tisdall MM, Aquilina K, Clark CA (2020) Neurosurgical applications of tractography in the UK. Br J Neurosurg 1\u20136"},{"key":"2736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx082","volume":"81","author":"C Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu C, Mohamed FB (2017) Letter: evaluation of diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography of the corticospinal tract: a correlative study with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and direct electrical subcortical stimulation. Neurosurgery 81:E7\u2013E8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyx082","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2057","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2057","volume":"4","author":"A Fedorov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fedorov A, Clunie D, Ulrich E, Bauer C, Wahle A, Brown B, Onken M, Riesmeier J, Pieper S, Kikinis R, Buatti J, Beichel RR (2016) DICOM for quantitative imaging biomarker development: a standards based approach to sharing clinical data and structured PET\/CT analysis results in head and neck cancer research. PeerJ 4:e2057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2057","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2736_CR26","unstructured":"David Flade D, Wighton P, Chelsea MA DICOM4QI Demonstration and connectathon: structured communication of quantitative image analysis results using the DICOM standard"},{"key":"2736_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.03.001","volume":"264","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li X, Morgan PS, Ashburner J, Smith J, Rorden C (2016) The first step for neuroimaging data analysis: DICOM to NIfTI conversion. J Neurosci Methods 264:47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.03.001","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.061","volume":"103","author":"B Jeurissen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeurissen B, Tournier J-D, Dhollander T, Connelly A, Sijbers J (2014) Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. Neuroimage 103:411\u2013426","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2736_CR29","first-page":"468","volume":"15","author":"S Mori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mori S, Van Zijl PC (2002) Fiber tracking: principles and strategies\u2013a technical review. NMR Biomed Int J Devoted Dev Appl Magn Reson Vivo 15:468\u2013480","journal-title":"NMR Biomed Int J Devoted Dev Appl Magn Reson Vivo"},{"key":"2736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.11.PEDS16312","volume":"19","author":"JY-M Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang JY-M, Beare R, Seal ML, Harvey AS, Anderson VA, Maixner WJ (2017) A systematic evaluation of intraoperative white matter tract shift in pediatric epilepsy surgery using high-field MRI and probabilistic high angular resolution diffusion imaging tractography. J Neurosurg Pediatr 19:592\u2013605","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"2736_CR31","first-page":"49","volume":"73","author":"S Barton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barton S, Kean M, Harvey S, Yang J (2019) Advanced neuroimaging and pediatric epilepsy surgery. MAGNETOM Flash 73:49\u201357","journal-title":"MAGNETOM Flash"},{"key":"2736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahrens J, Geveci B, Law C (2005) ParaView: An end-user tool for large-data visualization. In: Visualization handbook, Elsevier, pp 717\u2013731","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012387582-2\/50038-1"},{"key":"2736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.274","volume":"5","author":"J Tokuda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tokuda J, Fischer GS, Papademetris X, Yaniv Z, Ibanez L, Cheng P, Liu H, Blevins J, Arata J, Golby AJ, Kapur T, Pieper S, Burdette EC, Fichtinger G, Tempany CM, Hata N (2009) OpenIGTLink: an open network protocol for image-guided therapy environment: OpenIGTLink. Int J Med Robot 5:423\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.274","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"key":"2736_CR34","unstructured":"Mewes D, J-Donald Tournier, Picht T, Fekonja LS (2020) Implementation of OpenIGTLink tool in MRtrix3\u2019s mrview. Zenodo"},{"key":"2736_CR35","unstructured":"Yang JYM, Menon R, Barton S, Mandelstam SA, Kerr R, Wrennall J, Bailey C, Freeman J, Maixner WJ, Harvey AS (2020) One-stage, language-dominant, opercular-insular epilepsy surgery with multimodal structural and functional neuroimaging evaluation. In: International society for magnetic resonance in medicine conference"},{"key":"2736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012147","volume":"97","author":"E Macdonald-Laurs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macdonald-Laurs E, Maixner WJ, Bailey CA, Barton SM, Mandelstam SA, Yuan-Mou Yang J, Warren AEL, Kean MJ, Francis P, MacGregor D, D\u2019Arcy C, Wrennall JA, Davidson A, Pope K, Leventer RJ, Freeman JL, Wray A, Jackson GD, Harvey AS (2021) One-stage, limited-resection epilepsy surgery for bottom-of-sulcus dysplasia. Neurology 97:e178\u2013e190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012147","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-022-02736-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-022-02736-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-022-02736-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T14:53:24Z","timestamp":1674831204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-022-02736-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-022-02736-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.09.09.21262253","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to the manuscript. JYMY, RB, BA, and MS receive positional funding from the Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation. This work received research funding support from The Johnstone Family Foundation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The project received ethical approval from The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) and received governance authorization at the Melbourne Children\u2019s Campus (incorporating The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute and the University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics). HREC approval date: 18 March 2021. HREC Reference Number: HREC\/72907\/RCHM-2021.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}