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This pilot study aims to determine, under controlled conditions on a 3D-printed phantom, whether an AR laparoscope improves surgical outcomes over conventional laparoscopy without augmentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We selected six surgical residents at a similar level of training and had them perform a laparoscopic task. The participants repeated the experiment three times, using different 3D phantoms and visualizations:<jats:italic>Floating AR<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Occlusion AR<\/jats:italic>, and without any AR visualization (<jats:italic>Control<\/jats:italic>). Surgical performance was determined using objective measurements. Subjective measures, such as task load and potential application areas, were collected with questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences in operative time, total touching time, and SurgTLX scores showed no statistical significance (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p&gt;0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>). However, when assessing the invasiveness of the simulated intervention, the comparison revealed a statistically significant difference (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p=0.009$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.009<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>). Participants felt AR could be useful for various surgeries, especially for liver, sigmoid, and pancreatic resections (100%). Almost all participants agreed that AR could potentially lead to improved surgical parameters, such as operative time (83%), complication rate (83%), and identifying risk structures (83%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to our results, AR may have great potential in visceral surgery and based on the objective measures of the study, may improve surgeons' performance in terms of an atraumatic approach. In this pilot study, participants consistently took more time to complete the task, had more contact with the vascular tree, were significantly more invasive, and scored higher on the SurgTLX survey than with AR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02809-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T12:04:43Z","timestamp":1671710683000},"page":"1345-1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phantom study on surgical performance in augmented reality laparoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Heiliger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Heiliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Deodati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3433-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Kalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Mihatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hiendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorian","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Solyanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6032-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhamoy","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Eck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6032-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassir","family":"Navab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4711-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Karcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003672","volume":"272","author":"NL Syn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Syn NL, Kabir T, Koh YX, Tan HL, Wang LZ, Chin BZ, Wee I, Teo JY, Tai BC, Goh BKP (2020) Survival advantage of laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal liver metastases: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials and propensity-score matched studies. 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