{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T08:38:50Z","timestamp":1776587930394,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020194","name":"Wellcome \/ EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203145\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203145\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P012841\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P012841\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technologies Scheme","award":["CiET1819\/2\/36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CiET1819\/2\/36"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>\n                           <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                        <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This paper presents an assessment of a low-cost organ perfusion machine designed for use in research settings. The machine is modular and versatile in nature, built on a robotic operating system (ROS2) pipeline allowing for the addition of specific sensors for different research applications. Here we present the system and the development stages to achieve viability of the perfused organ.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>\n                           <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                        <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The machine\u2019s perfusion efficacy was assessed by monitoring the distribution of perfusate in livers using methylene blue dye. Functionality was evaluated by measuring bile production after 90\u00a0min of normothermic perfusion, while viability was examined using aspartate transaminase assays to monitor cell damage throughout the perfusion. Additionally, the output of the pressure, flow, temperature, and oxygen sensors was monitored and recorded to track the health of the organ during perfusion and assess the system\u2019s capability of maintaining the quality of data over time.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>\n                           <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                        <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results show the system is capable of successfully perfusing porcine livers for up to three hours. Functionality and viability assessments show no deterioration of liver cells once normothermic perfusion had occurred and bile production was within normal limits of approximately 26\u00a0ml in 90\u00a0min showing viability.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>\n                           <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                        <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The developed low-cost perfusion system presented here has been shown to keep porcine livers viable and functional ex vivo. Additionally, the system is capable of easily incorporating several sensors into its framework and simultaneously monitor and record them during perfusion. The work promotes further exploration of the system in different research domains.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-023-02903-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1682359356000},"page":"1101-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An adaptable research platform for ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion of the liver"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Magbagbeola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z. L.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lindenroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Stilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. R.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2903_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx365","volume":"33","author":"D Abramowicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abramowicz D, Oberbauer R, Heemann U, Viklicky O, Peruzzi L, Mariat C, Crespo M, Budde K, Oniscu GC (2018) Recent advances in kidney transplantation: a viewpoint from the Descartes advisory board. Nephrol Dial Transpl 33(10):1699\u20131707","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"3","key":"2903_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00557-8","volume":"19","author":"CDL Ceresa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceresa CDL, Nasralla D, Pollok JM, Friend PJ (2022) Machine perfusion of the liver: applications in transplantation and beyond. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 19(3):199\u2013209","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7703","key":"2903_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0047-9","volume":"557","author":"D Nasralla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nasralla D, Coussios CC, Mergental H, Akhtar MZ, Butler AJ, Ceresa CDL, Chiocchia V, Dutton SJ, Garc\u00eda-Valdecasas JC, Heaton N, Imber C, Jassem W, Jochmans I, Karani J, Knight SR, Kocabayoglu P, Malag\u00f2 M, Mirza D, Morris PJ, Pallan A, Paul A, Pavel M, Perera MTPR, Pirenne J, Ravikumar R, Russell L, Upponi S, Watson CJE, Weissenbacher A, Ploeg RJ, Friend PJ (2018) A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation. Nature 557(7703):50\u201356","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2903_CR4","unstructured":"Excellence, NIoH (2011) Care: OrganOx metra for liver transplant Medtech innovation briefing (September), pp. 1\u201314"},{"issue":"4","key":"2903_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"H Obara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Obara H, Matsuno N, Shigeta T, Enosawa S, Hirano T, Mizunuma H (2013) Rewarming machine perfusion system for liver transplantation. J Med Devices, Trans ASME 7(4):1\u20137","journal-title":"J Med Devices, Trans ASME"},{"issue":"2","key":"2903_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14060","volume":"46","author":"S Riveros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riveros S, Marino C, Ochoa G, Morales E, Soto D, Alegr\u00eda L, Zenteno MJ, Bra\u00f1es A, Achurra P, Rebolledo RA (2022) Implementation and design of customized ex vivo machine perfusion. Analysis of its first results. Artificial Organs 46(2):210\u2013218","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2903_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0374-x","volume":"38","author":"D Eshmuminov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eshmuminov D, Becker D, Bautista Borrego L, Hefti M, Schuler MJ, Hagedorn C, Muller X, Mueller M, Onder C, Graf R, Weber A, Dutkowski P, Rudolf von Rohr P, Clavien PA (2020) An integrated perfusion machine preserves injured human livers for 1 week. Nat Biotechnol 38(2):189\u2013198","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2903_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9207-4","volume":"34","author":"A Van der Plaats","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van der Plaats A, Maathuis M, Hart N A t, Bellekom A A, Hofker H S, Houwen V D, Verkerke G J, Leuvenink H G D, Verdonck P, Ploeg R J, Rakhorst G (2006) The groningen hypothermic liver perfusion pump: functional evaluation of a new machine perfusion system. Ann Biomed Eng 34(12):1924\u20131934","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"2903_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2241435","volume":"60","author":"DU Campos-Delgado","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campos-Delgado DU, Bonilla I, Rodriguez-Martinez M, Sanchez-Briones M, Ruiz-Hernandez E (2013) Closed-loop control of renal perfusion pressure in physiological experiments. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(7):1776\u20131784","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"2903_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0601-9","volume":"40","author":"ICJH Post","year":"2012","unstructured":"Post ICJH, Dirkes MC, Heger M, Bezemer R, van \u2019t Leven J, van Gulik TM (2012) Optimal flow and pressure management in machine perfusion systems for organ preservation. Ann Biomed Eng 40(12):2698\u20132707","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"2903_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1024-6","volume":"42","author":"JA Kornuta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kornuta JA, Brandon Dixon J (2014) Ex vivo lymphatic perfusion system for independently controlling pressure gradient and transmural pressure in isolated vessels. Ann Biomed Eng 42(8):1691\u20131704","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2903_CR12","first-page":"2565","volume":"2022","author":"M Magbagbeola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magbagbeola M, Doyle K, Rai ZL, Lindenroth L, Dwyer G, Stilli A, Davidson BR, Stoyanov D (2022) Evaluation of a novel organ perfusion research platform. Ann Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2022(1):2565\u20132568","journal-title":"Ann Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2903_CR13","first-page":"21","volume":"15","author":"A Nykonenko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nykonenko A, V\u00e1vra P, Zon\u010da P (2017) Anatomic peculiarities of pig and human liver. Exp Clin Transpl 15(1):21\u201326","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transpl"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02903-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02903-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02903-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T14:41:26Z","timestamp":1687358486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02903-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02903-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"No conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}