{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:31:49Z","timestamp":1755225109440,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012331","name":"Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["imec.icon sara"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["imec.icon sara"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Computer-aided navigation and patient-specific 3D printed guides have demonstrated superior outcomes in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Nevertheless, few TSAs are inserted using these technologies. Head-worn augmented reality (AR) devices can provide intuitive 3D computer navigation to the surgeon. This study investigates AR navigation in conjunction with adaptive spatial drift correction toward TSA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A phantom study was performed to assess the performance of AR navigated pin placement in TSA. Two medical experts performed a total of 12 pin placements into phantom scapula; six were placed using an end-to-end AR-navigated technique, and six using a common freehand technique. Inside-out infrared (IR) tracking was designed and integrated into the AR headset to correct for device drift and provide tool tracking. Additionally, the impact of IR tool tracking, registration, and superposed\/juxtaposed visualization techniques was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The AR-navigated pin placement resulted in a mean entry point error of 1.06\u00a0mm \u00b1 0.64\u00a0mm and directional error of \n \n $${1.66^\\circ \\pm 0.65^\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n 66<\/mml:mn>\n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n 65<\/mml:mn>\n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>. Compared with the freehand technique, AR navigation resulted in improved directional outcomes (\n \n $$p=0.03$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.03<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>), while entry point accuracy was not significantly different (\n \n $$p=0.44$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.44<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>). IR tool tracking error was 1.47\u00a0mm \u00b1 0.69\u00a0mm and \n \n $${0.92^\\circ \\pm 0.50^\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 0<\/mml:mn>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n 92<\/mml:mn>\n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n 50<\/mml:mn>\n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>, and registration error was 4.32\u00a0mm \u00b1 1.75\u00a0mm and \n \n $${2.56^\\circ \\pm 0.82^\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n 56<\/mml:mn>\n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n 82<\/mml:mn>\n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>. No statistical difference between AR visualization techniques was found in entry point (\n \n $$p=0.22$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.22<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) or directional (\n \n $$p=0.31$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.31<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) errors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n AR navigation allowed for comparable pin placement outcomes with those reported in the literature for patient-specific 3D printed guides; moreover, it complements the patient-specific planning without the need for the guides themselves.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-025-03444-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T09:56:03Z","timestamp":1749635763000},"page":"1633-1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of augmented reality guidance for glenoid pin placement in total shoulder arthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor","family":"Frantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"van Gestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Slagmolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Duerinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Scheerlinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jef","family":"Vandemeulebroucke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.20.00156","volume":"6","author":"KX Farley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farley KX, Wilson JM, Kumar A, Gottschalk MB, Daly C, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Wagner ER (2021) Prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty in the United States and the increasing burden of revision shoulder arthroplasty. 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Thierry Scheerlinck is a board member of the Belgian orthopaedic association (BVOT). All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"As no human or animal subjects or material were included as part of this work, approval was not required from the institutional review board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}