{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:06:07Z","timestamp":1759017967117,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Panoramic X-rays (PX) are extensively utilized in dental and maxillofacial diagnostics, offering comprehensive imaging of teeth and surrounding structures. This study investigates the automatic determination of Kennedy\u2019s classification in partially edentulous jaws.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A retrospective study involving 209 PX images from 206 patients was conducted. The established Mask R-CNN, a deep learning-based instance segmentation model, was trained for the automatic detection, position labeling (according to the international dental federation\u2019s scheme), and segmentation of teeth in PX. Subsequent post-processing steps filter duplicate outputs by position label and by geometric overlap. Finally, a rule-based determination of Kennedy\u2019s class of partially edentulous jaws was performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In a fivefold cross-validation, Kennedy\u2019s classification was correctly determined in 83.0% of cases, with the most common errors arising from the mislabeling of morphologically similar teeth. The underlying algorithm demonstrated high sensitivity (97.1%) and precision (98.1%) in tooth detection, with an F1 score of 97.6%. FDI position label accuracy was 94.7%. Ablation studies indicated that post-processing steps, such as duplicate filtering, significantly improved algorithm performance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings show that automatic dentition analysis in PX images can be extended to include clinically relevant jaw classification, reducing the workload associated with manual labeling and classification.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-025-03469-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T12:32:20Z","timestamp":1750768340000},"page":"1835-1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determination of Kennedy\u2019s classification in panoramic X-rays by automated tooth labeling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Meine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc Christian","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Weingart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"W\u00fcster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Schmelzeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8623-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"R\u00f6rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3874-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Georgii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4697-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard Simon","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3469_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(68)90326-5","volume":"26","author":"OE Langland","year":"1968","unstructured":"Langland OE, Sippy FH (1968) Anatomic structures as visualized on the orthopantomogram. 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