{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T21:17:44Z","timestamp":1774387064657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE2022795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-025-03526-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:19:30Z","timestamp":1759738770000},"page":"355-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tooth segmentation and dental crowding diagnosis using two-stage dual-dilated graph convolution"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zongsong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhilei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bingting","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1977.tb02275.x","volume":"4","author":"B Ingervall","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ingervall B, Jacobsson U, Nyman S (1977) A clinical study of the relationship between crowding of teeth, plaque and gingival condition. J Clin Periodontol 4(3):214\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1977.tb02275.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3526_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.04.018","volume":"142","author":"HS Hafez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hafez HS, Shaarawy SM, Al-Sakiti AA (2012) Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 142(4):443\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.04.018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"3526_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.103946","author":"DR Reissmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reissmann DR, Aarabi G, Haerter M, Heydecke G, Kriston L (2022) Measuring oral health: the physical oral health index. J Dent. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.103946","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2024.09.012","volume":"167","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao H, Daraqel B, Jiang M, Zhang T, Li X, Sun J, Zheng L (2025) Treatment motivation, psychosocial impact, and perfectionism in children and adult orthodontic patients: a cross-sectional study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 167(2):210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2024.09.012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2319\/010720-863.1","volume":"91","author":"AU Yap","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yap AU, Chen C, Wong HC, Yow M, Tan E (2021) Temporomandibular disorders in prospective orthodontic patients: their association with malocclusion severity and impact on oral health-related quality of life. Angle Orthod 91(3):377\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/010720-863.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"3526_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(96)70035-5","volume":"110","author":"M Weinberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weinberg M, Sadowsky C (1996) Resolution of mandibular arch crowding in growing patients with class I malocclusions treated nonextraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 110(4):359\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-5406(96)70035-5","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"17","key":"3526_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8004","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178004","volume":"11","author":"R Daoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daoud R, Bencze M-A, Albu C-C, Teodorescu E, Dragomirescu A-O, Vasilache A, Suciu I, Ionescu E (2021) Implications of permanent teeth dimensions and arch lengths on dental crowding during the mixed dentition period. Appl Sci 11(17):8004","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3526_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118111133233","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i11.33233","volume":"11","author":"REA Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigues REA, Farrapo MT, Medeiros STCB, Pican\u00e7o PRB (2022) Class I treatment with severe dental crowding and mandibular protrusion: a case report. Res Soc Dev 11(11):e118111133233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33448\/rsd-v11i11.33233","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E188","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.3926","volume":"39","author":"HA AlHammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"AlHammadi HA, Wilcko MT, Ferguson DJ (2019) Severe mandibular crowding treated with nonextraction periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 39(5):E188\u2013E194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/prd.3926","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restor Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"3526_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.19.4.107-113.oar","volume":"19","author":"GDC Correia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correia GDC, Habib FAL, Vogel CJ (2014) Tooth-size discrepancy: a comparison between manual and digital methods. Dent Press J Orthod 19(4):107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2176-9451.19.4.107-113.oar","journal-title":"Dent Press J Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.5.543","volume":"19","author":"AS Johal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Johal AS, Battagel JM (1997) Dental crowding: a comparison of three methods of assessment. Eur J Orthod 19(5):543\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/19.5.543","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"3526_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8414605","author":"JH Yoon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoon JH, Yu H-S, Choi Y, Choi T-H, Choi S-H, Cha J-Y (2018) Model analysis of digital models in moderate to severe crowding. In vivo validation and clinical application. Biomed Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/8414605","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"3526_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38209\/2708-2636.1093","author":"Y-C Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y-C, Chen C, Ko E (2021) Compare two methods of dental arch length measurements on digital dental models. Taiwanese J Orthod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38209\/2708-2636.1093","journal-title":"Taiwanese J Orthod"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2919916","volume":"24","author":"L Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu L, Xu J, Huan Y, Zou Z, Yeh SC, Zheng LR (2020) A smart dental health-IoT platform based on intelligent hardware, deep learning, and mobile terminal. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 24(3):898\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2919916","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2022.02.008","volume":"28","author":"C Bentson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bentson C, Copple D (2022) Opportunities in the evolving orthodontic industry-digital processes, teledentistry and group practices. Semin Orthod 28(1):37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.sodo.2022.02.008","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"3526_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11202760","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhang C, Shan Z (2023) Application of artificial intelligence in orthodontics: current state and future perspectives. Healthcare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11202760","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"7","key":"3526_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05020-3","volume":"27","author":"X-m Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X-m, Meng W-y, Wang W-n, Huo Y-f, Xue H (2023) Accuracy and eligibility of Bonwill-Hawley arch form established by CBCT image for dental crowding measurement: a comparative study with the conventional brass wire and caliper methods. Clin Oral Investig 27(7):3961\u20133972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-023-05020-3","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"3526_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32514-7","author":"J Ryu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ryu J, Kim Y-H, Kim T-W, Jung S-K (2023) Evaluation of artificial intelligence model for crowding categorization and extraction diagnosis using intraoral photographs. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32514-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2016.03.002","volume":"194","author":"SF Tasel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tasel SF, Mumcuoglu EU, Hassanpour RZ, Perkins G (2016) A validated active contour method driven by parabolic arc model for detection and segmentation of mitochondria. J Struct Biol 194(3):253\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsb.2016.03.002","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"3526_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171167","author":"S Piantadosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piantadosi S (2017) Three dimensional mathematical modeling of violin plate surfaces: an approach based on an ensemble of contour lines. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0171167","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3526_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2013.10.028","volume":"38","author":"K Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu K, Chen L, Li J, Zhou Y (2014) Tooth segmentation on dental meshes using morphologic skeleton. Comput Gr 38:199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2013.10.028","journal-title":"Comput Gr"},{"key":"3526_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.Jei.25.3.033011","author":"N Habiba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Habiba N, Ali D (2016) Split bregman\u2019s algorithm for three-dimensional mesh segmentation. J Electron Imaging. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.Jei.25.3.033011","journal-title":"J Electron Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"3526_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3059758","volume":"44","author":"ZH Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin ZH, Huang SY, Wang YCF (2022) Learning of 3D graph convolution networks for point cloud analysis. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 44(8):4212\u20134224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3059758","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"3526_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.09.005","volume":"152","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yang C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Li P, Huang T, Gao C (2021) 3D dental model segmentation with graph attentional convolution network. Pattern Recogn Lett 152:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.09.005","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3326362","volume":"38","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Sun Y, Liu Z, Sarma SE, Bronstein MM, Solomon JM (2019) Dynamic graph CNN for learning on point clouds. ACM Trans Graph 38(5):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3326362","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph"},{"issue":"4","key":"3526_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-024-01061-6","volume":"37","author":"L Krenmayr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krenmayr L, von Schwerin R, Schaudt D, Riedel P, Hafner A (2024) DilatedToothSegNet: tooth segmentation network on 3D dental meshes through increasing receptive vision. J Imag Info Med 37(4):1846\u20131862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10278-024-01061-6","journal-title":"J Imag Info Med"},{"key":"3526_CR27","unstructured":"Jaderberg M, Simonyan K, Zisserman A, Kavukcuoglu K (2015) Spatial transformer networks. In: Proceedings of the 29th international conference on neural information processing systems, vol 2. Montreal, Canada, MIT Press 2017\u20132025"},{"key":"3526_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben-hamadou A, Smaoui O, Chaabouni-chouayakh H, Rekik A, Pujades S, Boyer E,Strippoli J (2022) Teeth3DS: a benchmark for teeth segmentation and labeling from intra-oral 3D scans. Comput Vision Pattern Recognit https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2210.06094","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2210.06094"},{"key":"3526_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qi CR, Yi L, Su H, Guibas LJ (2017) PointNet ++ : deep hierarchical feature learning on point sets in a metric space. Comput Vision Pattern Recognit 30 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.02413","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.02413"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055703","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ad296e","volume":"35","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, Liang S, Xie X, Zhang L, Chang Q, Zuo F, Wang Y, Bai Y (2024) Fusion analyser: a novel measurement method and software tool for dental model analysis in orthodontics. Meas Sci Technol 35(5):055703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6501\/ad296e","journal-title":"Meas Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-015-0004-2","volume":"77","author":"J Czarnota","year":"2016","unstructured":"Czarnota J, Hey J, Fuhrmann R (2016) Measurements using orthodontic analysis software on digital models obtained by 3D scans of plaster casts\u202f: Intrarater reliability and validity. J Orofac Orthop 77(1):22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-015-0004-2","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"3526_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229019","author":"N Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang N, Zhang J, Song X (2023) A pipeline defect instance segmentation system based on SparseInst. Sensors. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23229019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"3526_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107560","volume":"205","author":"H Hao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao H, Jincheng Y, Ling Y, Gengyuan C, Sumin Z, Huan Z (2023) An improved PointNet++ point cloud segmentation model applied to automatic measurement method of pig body size. Comput Electron Agric 205:107560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107560","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.10.012","volume":"145","author":"T Gr\u00fcnheid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid T, Patel N, De Felippe NL, Wey A, Gaillard PR, Larson BE (2014) Accuracy, reproducibility, and time efficiency of dental measurements using different technologies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 145(2):157\u2013164","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-025-03526-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-025-03526-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-025-03526-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T18:02:50Z","timestamp":1774375370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-025-03526-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-025-03526-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}