{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:08:15Z","timestamp":1774868895920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTQ2021-012120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTQ2021-012120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-026-03568-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T19:54:10Z","timestamp":1768247650000},"page":"661-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental and economic costs behind LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0478-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"L\u00f3pez-\u00dabeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teodoro","family":"Mart\u00edn-Noguerol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3568_CR1","first-page":"1877","volume":"33","author":"T Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown T, Mann B, Ryder N, Subbiah M, Kaplan JD, Dhariwal P, Neelakantan A, Shyam P, Sastry G, Askell A (2020) others, Language models are few-shot learners. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 33:1877\u20131901","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"3568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2022.06.016","author":"P L\u00f3pez-\u00dabeda","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-\u00dabeda P, Mart\u00edn-Noguerol T, Juluru K, Luna A (2022) Natural language processing in radiology: update on clinical applications. J Am Coll Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2022.06.016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"3568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.06.008","volume":"20","author":"L Nazario-Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nazario-Johnson L, Zaki HA, Tung GA (2023) Use of large language models to predict neuroimaging. J Am Coll Radiol 20:1004\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.06.008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"3568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01106","volume":"57","author":"MC Rillig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rillig MC, \u00c5gerstrand M, Bi M, Gould KA, Sauerland U (2023) Risks and benefits of large language models for the environment. Environ Sci Technol 57:3464\u20133466","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3568_CR5","unstructured":"Stojkovic J, Choukse E, Zhang C, Goiri I, Torrellas J (2024) Towards greener llms: Bringing energy-efficiency to the forefront of llm inference, ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2403.20306."},{"key":"3568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2024.110280","author":"T Mart\u00edn-Noguerol","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Noguerol T, L\u00f3pez-\u00dabeda P, Paulano-Godino F, Luna A (2025) Manual data labeling, radiology, and artificial intelligence: it is a dirty job, but someone has to do it. Magn Reson Imaging. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mri.2024.110280","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"3568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Bhaskar N (2024) Seth, Environment and sustainability development: A ChatGPT perspective, in: Applied Data Science and Smart Systems, CRC Press, pp. 54\u201362.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003471059-8"},{"key":"3568_CR8","unstructured":"Verma P, Tan S (2024) A bottle of water per email: the hidden environmental costs of using AI chatbots, Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2024\/09\/18\/energy-ai-use-electricity-water-data-centers\/."},{"key":"3568_CR9","first-page":"97","volume":"1","author":"AS George","year":"2023","unstructured":"George AS, George ASH, Martin ASG (2023) The environmental impact of ai: a case study of water consumption by chat gpt. Partners Univ Int Innov J 1:97\u2013104","journal-title":"Partners Univ Int Innov J"},{"key":"3568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.04.002","volume":"40","author":"P Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang P, Sonne C, Li W, You F, You S (2024) Preventing the immense increase in the life-cycle energy and carbon footprints of llm-powered intelligent chatbots. Engineering 40:202\u2013210","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"3568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liagkou V, Filiopoulou E, Fragiadakis G, Nikolaidou M, Michalakelis C (2024) The cost perspective of adopting Large Language Model-as-a-Service. In: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing (JCC), pp. 80\u201383.","DOI":"10.1109\/JCC62314.2024.00020"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03568-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03568-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03568-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:21:07Z","timestamp":1774866067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03568-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03568-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}