{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:51:40Z","timestamp":1786981900003,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Real-Time Image Proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-017-0714-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T04:03:51Z","timestamp":1505275431000},"page":"15-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Deepgender: real-time gender classification using deep learning for smartphones"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Khurram Zeeshan","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleem Razzaq","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehzad","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabassam","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohail","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"714_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuarqoub, A., Hammoudeh, M., Alsboui, T.: An overview of information extraction from mobile wireless sensor networks. In: Andreev S., Balandin S., Koucheryavy Y. (eds.) Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networking, vol 7496, pp. 95\u2013106. Springer, Berlin (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32686-8_9"},{"key":"714_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, S., Sajjad, S., Jabbar, S., Chang, H.: Accurate and efficient shape matching approach using vocabularies of multi-feature space representations. J. Real-Time Image Process. 1\u201317 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-015-0545-z"},{"key":"714_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khalid, S., Arshad, S., Jabbar, S., Rho, S.: Robust framework to combine diverse classifiers assigning distributed confidence to individual classifiers at class level. Sci. World J. 2014, 492387 (2014). doi: 10.1155\/2014\/492387","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/492387"},{"key":"714_CR4","unstructured":"Karpathy, A., Toderici, G., Shetty, S., Leung, T., Sukthankar, R., Fei-Fei, L.: Large-scale video classification with convolutional neural networks. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH, 2014. IEEE (2014)"},{"key":"714_CR5","unstructured":"Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: NIPS'12 Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1097\u20131105. Curran Associates Inc, USA (2012)"},{"key":"714_CR6","unstructured":"Song, I., Kim, H.-J., and Jeon, P.B.: Deep learning for real-time robust facial expression recognition on a smartphone. In: IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2014. IEEE (2014)"},{"key":"714_CR7","unstructured":"Meseguer, J.E., Calafate, C.T., Cano, J.C., Manzoni, P.: Drivingstyles: a smartphone application to assess driver behavior. In: IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2013. IEEE (2013)"},{"key":"714_CR8","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-D., Park, E., Yoo, S., Choi, T., Yang, L., Shin, D.: Compression of deep convolutional neural networks for fast and low power mobile applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06530 , 2015"},{"key":"714_CR9","unstructured":"Awais, M., Palmerini, L., Chiari, L.: Physical activity classification using body-worn inertial sensors in a multi-sensor setup. In: IEEE 2nd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI), 2016. IEEE (2016)"},{"issue":"11","key":"714_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/11\/2269","volume":"35","author":"MB Rosario Del","year":"2014","unstructured":"Del Rosario, M.B., Wang, K., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Brodie, M., Delbaere, K., Lovell, N.H., Lord, S.R., Redmond, S.J.: A comparison of activity classification in younger and older cohorts using a smartphone. Physiol. Meas. 35(11), 2269 (2014)","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"issue":"May","key":"714_CR11","first-page":"1197","volume":"8","author":"M Osadchy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Osadchy, M., Cun, Y.L., Miller, M.L.: Synergistic face detection and pose estimation with energy-based models. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 8(May), 1197\u20131215 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"714_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.446"},{"key":"714_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, G.B.: Learning hierarchical representations for face verification with convolutional deep belief networks. In: CVPR '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 2518\u20132525. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247968"},{"key":"714_CR14","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Wang, Z.: Improving LBP features for gender classification. In: International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, 2008. ICWAPR '08. IEEE (2008)"},{"key":"714_CR15","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Paluri, M., Ranzato, M.A., Darrell, T., Bourdev, L.: Panda: pose aligned networks for deep attribute modeling. (2014). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1311.5591"},{"key":"714_CR16","unstructured":"Hu, S.Y.D., Jou, B., Jaech, A., Savvides, M.: Fusion of region-based representations for gender identification. In: International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), 2011. IEEE (2011)"},{"issue":"5","key":"714_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2014.03.009","volume":"25","author":"P Rai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rai, P., Khanna, P.: A gender classification system robust to occlusion using Gabor features based (2D) 2 PCA. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 25(5), 1118\u20131129 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"714_CR18","unstructured":"Fazl-Ersi, E., Mousa-Pasandi, M.E., Laganiere, R., Awad, M.: Age and gender recognition using informative features of various types. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2014. IEEE (2014)"},{"key":"714_CR19","unstructured":"Leng, X., Wang, Y.: Improving generalization for gender classification. In: 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2008. ICIP 2008. IEEE (2008)"},{"key":"714_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D.-Y., Lin, K.-Y.: Robust gender recognition for uncontrolled environment of real-life images. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 56(3) (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2010.5606301"},{"key":"714_CR21","unstructured":"Juefei-Xu, F., Verma, E., Goel, P., Cherodian, A., Savvides, M.: Deepgender: occlusion and low resolution robust facial gender classification via progressively trained convolutional neural networks with attention. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), 2016. IEEE (2016)"},{"key":"714_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, S., Sil, J.: Gender recognition using fusion of spatial and temporal features. In: Kumar Kundu M., Mohapatra D., Konar A., Chakraborty A. (eds.) Advanced Computing, Networking and Informatics, vol. 1, pp. 109\u2013116. Springer, Berlin (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07353-8_13"},{"key":"714_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.11.015","volume":"70","author":"J Mansanet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mansanet, J., Albiol, A., Paredes, R.: Local deep neural networks for gender recognition. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 70, 80\u201386 (2016)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"714_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Tan, L., Li, Z., Qiao, Y.: Gender and smile classification using deep convolutional neural networks. In: Book Gender and Smile Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, pp. 34\u201338. (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.97"},{"key":"714_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Li, S., Liu, P., Dai, Q.: Multi-feature deep learning for face gender recognition. In: Book Multi-Feature Deep Learning for Face Gender Recognition, pp. 507\u2013511. (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2014.7065102"},{"key":"714_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkan, O., Weill, J., Wolf, L., Aronowitz, H.: Fast high dimensional vector multiplication face recognition. In: Book Fast High Dimensional Vector Multiplication Face Recognition, pp. 1960\u20131967. (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.246"},{"key":"714_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassner, T.: Viewing real-world faces in 3D. In: Book Viewing Real-World Faces in 3D, pp. 3607\u20133614. (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.448"},{"key":"714_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, T., Belhumeur, P.N.: Tom-vs-Pete classifiers and identity-preserving alignment for face verification. In: Book Tom-vs-Pete Classifiers and Identity-Preserving Alignment for Face Verification, pp. 7. (2012)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.26.129"},{"key":"714_CR29","unstructured":"Huang, G., Mattar, M., Lee, H., Learned-Miller, E.G.: Learning to align from scratch. In: Book Learning to Align from Scratch, pp. 764\u2013772. (2012)"},{"key":"714_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Ramanan, D.: Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: Book Face Detection, Pose Estimation, and Landmark Localization in the Wild, pp. 2879\u20132886. (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6248014"},{"issue":"2","key":"714_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0667-3","volume":"107","author":"X Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, X., Wei, Y., Wen, F., Sun, J.: Face alignment by explicit shape regression. Int. J. Comput. vis. 107(2), 177\u2013190 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. vis."},{"key":"714_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, Y., Wang, H.: 3D model-based continuous emotion recognition. In: Book 3D Model-Based Continuous Emotion Recognition, pp. 1836\u20131845. (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298793"},{"key":"714_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi, G., Hassner, T.: Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks. In: Book Age and Gender Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks, pp. 34\u201342. (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301352"},{"key":"714_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2013.07.001","volume":"22","author":"M Hammoudeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammoudeh, M., Newman, R.: Information extraction from sensor networks using the Watershed transform algorithm. Inf. Fusion 22, 39\u201349 (2015)","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"714_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.02.001","volume":"117","author":"A Abuarqoub","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abuarqoub, A., Hammoudeh, M., Adebisi, B., Jabbar, S., Bounceur, A., Al-Bashar, H.: Dynamic clustering and management of mobile wireless sensor networks. Comput. Netw. 117, 62\u201375 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2007.909557","volume":"38","author":"W Gao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gao, W., Cao, B., Shan, S., Chen, X., Zhou, D., Zhang, X., Zhao, D.: The CAS-PEAL large-scale Chinese face database and baseline evaluations. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. A Syst. Hum. 38(1), 149\u2013161 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. A Syst. Hum."},{"issue":"6","key":"714_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.11.005","volume":"28","author":"CE Thomaz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomaz, C.E., Giraldi, G.A.: A new ranking method for principal components analysis and its application to face image analysis. Image Vis. Comput. 28(6), 902\u2013913 (2010)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"714_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-013-0477-4","volume":"19","author":"MR Rahimi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahimi, M.R., Ren, J., Liu, C.H., Vasilakos, A.V., Venkatasubramanian, N.: Mobile cloud computing: a survey, state of art and future directions. Mobile Netw. Appl. 19(2), 133\u2013143 (2014)","journal-title":"Mobile Netw. Appl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Real-Time Image Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11554-017-0714-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11554-017-0714-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11554-017-0714-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T14:32:26Z","timestamp":1750861946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11554-017-0714-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11554-017-0714-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-8200","1861-8219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-8200","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-8219","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}