{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T19:10:13Z","timestamp":1773169813479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20230765KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20230765KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20230765KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20230765KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20230765KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20230765KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Real-Time Image Proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-025-01739-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T19:34:27Z","timestamp":1753385667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["WAC-YOLO: a real-time traffic sign detection model for complex weather with feature degradation suppression and occlusion awareness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1739_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purwar, S., Chaudhry, R.: A comprehensive study on traffic sign detection in its. In: 2023 International Conference on Disruptive Technologies (ICDT), pp. 173\u2013179 (2023). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDT57929.2023.10151022"},{"issue":"4","key":"1739_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8040140","volume":"8","author":"J Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen, J., Wang, Q., Zhao, M., Hu, J., Wang, J., Shu, M., Liu, Y., Guo, W., Qiao, H., Niu, Q., et al.: Mapping maize planting densities using unmanned aerial vehicles, multispectral remote sensing, and deep learning technology. Drones 8(4), 140 (2024)","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"1739_CR3","unstructured":"Peizhi, W., Mohamed, R., Mustapha, N., Manshor, N.: Cognition of road traffic signs: a systematic. J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technolo. 102(7) (2024)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1739_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2023.3238524","volume":"111","author":"Z Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou, Z., Chen, K., Shi, Z., Guo, Y., Ye, J.: Object detection in 20 years: a survey. Proc. IEEE 111(3), 257\u2013276 (2023)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"1739_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., Malik, J.: Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 580\u2013587 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"1739_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R.: Fast r-cnn. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1440\u20131448 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"1739_CR7","unstructured":"Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., Sun, J.: Faster r-cnn: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 28 (2015)"},{"key":"1739_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.-Y., Berg, A.C.: SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11\u201314, 2016, Proceedings, Part I 14, pp. 21\u201337 (2016). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"},{"key":"1739_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Doll\u00e1r, P.: Focal loss for dense object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2980\u20132988 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"1739_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., Farhadi, A.: You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 779\u2013788 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"1739_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-Y., Yeh, I.-H., Mark\u00a0Liao, H.-Y.: Yolov9: Learning what you want to learn using programmable gradient information. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1\u201321 (2024). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72751-1_1"},{"key":"1739_CR12","first-page":"107984","volume":"37","author":"A Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, A., Chen, H., Liu, L., Chen, K., Lin, Z., Han, J., et al.: Yolov10: real-time end-to-end object detection. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 37, 107984\u2013108011 (2024)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"1739_CR13","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Ye, Q., Doermann, D.: Yolov12: attention-centric real-time object detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.12524 (2025)"},{"key":"1739_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, F., Huang, J., Jiang, R., Klette, R.: General traffic sign recognition by feature matching. In: 2009 24th International Conference Image and Vision Computing New Zealand, pp. 409\u2013414 (2009). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IVCNZ.2009.5378370"},{"key":"1739_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creusen, I.M., Wijnhoven, R.G., Herbschleb, E., With, P.: Color exploitation in hog-based traffic sign detection. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 2669\u20132672 (2010). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2010.5651637"},{"key":"1739_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3216413","volume":"71","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, Y., He, Y., Cai, Y., Chen, L., Li, Y., Sotelo, M.A., Li, Z.: Yolov5-fog: a multiobjective visual detection algorithm for fog driving scenes based on improved yolov5. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 71, 1\u201312 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"1739_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broedermann, T., Sakaridis, C., Dai, D., Van\u00a0Gool, L.: Hrfuser: a multi-resolution sensor fusion architecture for 2d object detection. In: 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp. 4159\u20134166 (2023). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC57777.2023.10422432"},{"issue":"9","key":"1739_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9736","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3267430","volume":"24","author":"Z Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao, Z., Liu, Q., Xie, Q., Li, Q.: Tl-detector: lightweight based real-time traffic light detection model for intelligent vehicles. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 24(9), 9736\u20139750 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"1739_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Ren, G., Yu, R., Guo, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, L.: Image-adaptive yolo for object detection in adverse weather conditions. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 36, pp. 1792\u20131800 (2022)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i2.20072"},{"key":"1739_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Z., Liu, Q., Fu, J., Xie, Q., Li, B., Ye, Q., Li, Q.: A coarse-to-fine deep learning based framework for traffic light recognition. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3390576"},{"key":"1739_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Zhao, H., Xie, H., Gao, B.: Multi-sensor decision-level fusion network based on attention mechanism for object detection. IEEE Sens. J. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3442951"},{"key":"1739_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.-Y., Jovanov, L., Philips, W.: Multimodal pedestrian detection based on cross-modality reference search. IEEE Sens. J. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3386709"},{"issue":"11","key":"1739_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-023-4116-5","volume":"67","author":"H Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie, H., Zhao, H., Xu, C., Chen, H.: All-day perception for intelligent vehicles: switching perception algorithms based on wbcnet. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 67(11), 212208 (2024)","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"1739_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3349464","volume":"8","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Lv, Y., Tao, J., Huang, F., Zhang, J.: A robust real-time anchor-free traffic sign detector with one-level feature. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Topics Comput. Intell. 8(2), 1437\u20131451 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Topics Comput. Intell."},{"issue":"10","key":"1739_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3390\/math12101539","volume":"12","author":"B Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, B., Fan, X.: Msgc-yolo: an improved lightweight traffic sign detection model under snow conditions. Mathematics 12(10), 1539 (2024)","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"1739_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, X., Yang, H., Wang, Z., Wen, X., He, X., Qing, L., Chen, H.: Degradation modeling for restoration-enhanced object detection in adverse weather scenes. IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2024.3442924"},{"key":"1739_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Z., Liu, Q., Zhao, Z., Qin, Y., Zhu, J., Xia, T., Li, B., Wang, L.: Night-time traffic light recognition based on enhancement-guided object detection. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.: Syst. (2025)","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2025.3552621"},{"key":"1739_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M., Pang, R., Le, Q.V.: Efficientdet: scalable and efficient object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 10781\u201310790 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01079"},{"key":"1739_CR29","unstructured":"Williams, T., Li, R.: Wavelet pooling for convolutional neural networks. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2018)"},{"key":"1739_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finder, S.E., Amoyal, R., Treister, E., Freifeld, O.: Wavelet convolutions for large receptive fields. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 363\u2013380 (2024). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72949-2_21"},{"key":"1739_CR31","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Li, L., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Qian, C., Hwang, J.-N., Ji, X.: Cas-vit: convolutional additive self-attention vision transformers for efficient mobile applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.03703 (2024)"},{"key":"1739_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, D.: Transnext: Robust foveal visual perception for vision transformers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 17773\u201317783 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01683"},{"key":"1739_CR33","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, S.: Shape-iou: more accurate metric considering bounding box shape and scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.17663 (2023)"},{"key":"1739_CR34","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Xu, C., Zhang, S.: Inner-iou: more effective intersection over union loss with auxiliary bounding box. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.02877 (2023)"},{"key":"1739_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Liang, D., Zhang, S., Huang, X., Li, B., Hu, S.: Traffic-sign detection and classification in the wild. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2110\u20132118 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.232"},{"key":"1739_CR36","unstructured":"Lyu, C., Zhang, W., Huang, H., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Chen, K.: Rtmdet: an empirical study of designing real-time object detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.07784 (2022)"},{"key":"1739_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Lv, W., Xu, S., Wei, J., Wang, G., Dang, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, J.: Detrs beat yolos on real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 16965\u201316974 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01605"},{"key":"1739_CR38","unstructured":"Ge, Z., Liu, S., Wang, F., Li, Z., Sun, J.: Yolox: exceeding yolo series in 2021. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.08430 (2021)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Real-Time Image Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11554-025-01739-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11554-025-01739-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11554-025-01739-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T16:59:25Z","timestamp":1757350765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11554-025-01739-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11554-025-01739-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-8200","1861-8219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-8200","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-8219","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"155"}}