{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:58:11Z","timestamp":1761663491768},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466380800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Autom. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-016-0974-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T09:14:11Z","timestamp":1466414051000},"page":"319-337","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Robust face recognition against expressions and partial occlusions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fadhlan Kamaru","family":"Zaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir Akramin","family":"Shafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasir Mohd","family":"Mustafah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-008-0193-x","volume":"5","author":"Y. Z. Lu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Y. Z. Lu. A novel face recognition algorithm for distinguishing faces with various angles. International Journal of Automation and Computing, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 193\u2013197, 2008.","journal-title":"International Journal of Automation and Computing"},{"key":"974_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56018-2","volume":"156","author":"A. Schwaninger","year":"2006","unstructured":"A. Schwaninger, C. Wallraven, D. W. Cunningham, S. D. Chiller-Glaus. Processing of facial identity and expression: A psychophysical, physiological, and computational perspective. Progress in Brain Research, vol. 156, pp. 321\u2013343, 2006.","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"974_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00079-8","volume":"43","author":"A. M. Mart\u00ednez","year":"2003","unstructured":"A. M. Mart\u00ednez. Matching expression variant faces. Vision Research, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1047\u20131060, 2003.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"974_CR4","volume-title":"In the Eye of the Beholder, the Science of Face Perception","author":"V. Bruce","year":"1998","unstructured":"V. Bruce, A. W. Young. In the Eye of the Beholder, the Science of Face Perception, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998."},{"issue":"11","key":"974_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00243-3","volume":"11","author":"H. Hill","year":"2001","unstructured":"H. Hill, A. Johnston. Categorizing sex and identity from the biological motion of faces. Current Biology, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 880\u2013885, 2001.","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1109\/34.862197","volume":"22","author":"D. W. Jacobs","year":"2000","unstructured":"D. W. Jacobs, D. Weinshall, Y. Gdalyahu. Classification with nonmetric distances: Image retrieval and class representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 583\u2013600, 2000.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"15","key":"974_CR7","volume":"2009","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Ruiz-del-Solar, R. Verschae, M. Correa. Recognition of faces in unconstrained environments: A comparative study. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2009, no. 15, 2009.","journal-title":"EURASIP^Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"},{"key":"974_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1995.466898","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"D. J. Beymer","year":"1995","unstructured":"D. J. Beymer, T. Poggio. Face recognition from one example view. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Vision, IEEE, Cambridge, USA, pp. 500\u2013507, 1995."},{"key":"974_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA259735","volume-title":"Recognition and Structure from One 2D Model View: Observations on Prototypes, Object Classes and Symmetries","author":"T. Poggio","year":"1992","unstructured":"T. Poggio, T. Vetter. Recognition and Structure from One 2D Model View: Observations on Prototypes, Object Classes and Symmetries, Cambridge, USA: MIT, 1992."},{"issue":"9","key":"974_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.03.013","volume":"39","author":"X. Y. Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"X. Y. Tan, S. C. Chen, Z. -H. Zhou, F. Y. Zhang. Face recognition from a single image per person: A survey. Pattern Recognition, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1725\u20131745, 2006.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824819","volume":"22","author":"A. K. Jain","year":"2000","unstructured":"A. K. Jain, R. P. W. Duin, J. C. Mao. Statistical pattern recognition: A review. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 4\u201337, 2000.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"8","key":"974_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1724","volume":"6","author":"A. J. Calder","year":"2005","unstructured":"A. J. Calder, A. W. Young. Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 641\u2013651, 2005.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01482-0","volume":"4","author":"J. V. Haxby","year":"2000","unstructured":"J. V. Haxby, E. A. Hoffman, M. I. Gobbini. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 223\u2013233, 2000.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x","volume":"77","author":"V. Bruce","year":"1986","unstructured":"V. Bruce, A. W. Young. Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 305\u2013327, 1986.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"974_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.5.690","volume":"38","author":"D. Tranel","year":"1988","unstructured":"D. Tranel, A. R. Damasio, H. Damasio. Intact recognition of facial expression, gender, and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity. Neurology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 690\u2013696, 1988.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.4.941","volume":"116","author":"A. W. Young","year":"1993","unstructured":"A. W. Young, F. Newcombe, E. H. F. de Haan, M. Small, D. C. Hay. Face perception after brain injury: Selective impairments affecting identity and expression. Brain, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 941\u2013959, 1993.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"974_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1979.tb06037.x","volume":"27","author":"J. Kurucz","year":"1979","unstructured":"J. Kurucz, G. Feldmar. Prosopo-affective agnosia as a symptom of cerebral organic disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 225\u2013230, 1979.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00155.2004","volume":"92","author":"J. S. Winston","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. S. Winston, R. N. A. Henson, M. R. Fine-Goulden, R. J. Dolan. fMRI-adaptation reveals dissociable neural representations of identity and expression in face perception. Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 1830\u20131839, 2004.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"974_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1224","volume":"7","author":"K. Grill-Spector","year":"2004","unstructured":"K. Grill-Spector, N. Knouf, N. Kanwisher. The fusiform face area subserves face perception, not generic withincategory identification. Nature Neuroscience, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 555\u2013562, 2004.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1068\/p5083","volume":"33","author":"J. M. Kaufmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. M. Kaufmann, S. R. Schweinberger. Expression influences the recognition of familiar faces. Perception, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 399\u2013408, 2004.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"5","key":"974_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210050117717","volume":"8","author":"J. Y. Baudouin","year":"2000","unstructured":"J. Y. Baudouin, D. Gilibert, S. Sansone, G. Tiberghien. When the smile is a cue to familiarity. Memory, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 285\u2013292, 2000.","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"5","key":"974_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211301","volume":"25","author":"J. W. Tanaka","year":"1997","unstructured":"J. W. Tanaka, J. A. Sengco. Features and their configuration in face recognition. Memory and Cognition, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 583\u2013592, 1997.","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"11","key":"974_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.884093","volume":"94","author":"P. Sinha","year":"2006","unstructured":"P. Sinha, B. Balas, Y. Ostrovsky, R. Russell. Face recognition by humans: Nineteen results all computer vision researchers should know about. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94, no. 11, pp. 1948\u20131962, 2006.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1068\/p080431","volume":"8","author":"H. D. Ellis","year":"1979","unstructured":"H. D. Ellis, J. W. Shepherd, G. M. Davies. Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: Some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 431\u2013439, 1979.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"974_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Andreu, R. Mollineda. The role of face parts in gender recognition. Image Analysis and Recognition, A. Campilho, M. Kamel, Eds., Berlin, Heidelberg, Germang: Springer, pp. 945\u2013954, 2008.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69812-8_94"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1068\/p5027","volume":"32","author":"J. Sadr","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. Sadr, I. Jarudi, P. Sinha. The role of eyebrows in face recognition. Perception, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 285\u2013293, 2003.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1068\/p160747","volume":"16","author":"A. W. Young","year":"1987","unstructured":"A. W. Young, D. Hellawell, D. C. Hay. Configurational information in face perception. Perception, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 747\u2013759, 1987.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1008382","volume":"24","author":"A. M. Martinez","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. M. Martinez. Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 748\u2013763, 2002.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"12","key":"974_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.243","volume":"27","author":"B. G. Park","year":"2005","unstructured":"B. G. Park, K. M. Lee, S. U. Lee. Face recognition using face-ARG matching. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1982\u20131988, 2005.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"9","key":"974_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.30","volume":"34","author":"W. H. Deng","year":"2012","unstructured":"W. H. Deng, J. N. Hu, J. Guo. Extended SRC: Undersampled face recognition via intraclass variant dictionary. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1864\u20131870, 2012.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.70","volume":"35","author":"J. W. Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"J. W. Lu, Y. P. Tan, G. Wang. Discriminative multimanifold analysis for face recognition from a single training sample per person. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 39\u201351, 2013.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"974_CR32","first-page":"1","volume-title":"In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"R. P. Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"R. P. Wang, S. G. Shan, X. L. Chen, W. Gao. Manifold-Manifold distance with application to face recognition based on image set. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Anchorage, USA, pp. 1\u20138, 2008."},{"key":"974_CR33","first-page":"429","volume-title":"In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"R. P. Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"R. P. Wang, X. L. Chen. Manifold discriminant analysis. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Miami, USA, pp. 429\u2013436, 2009."},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2020772","volume":"4","author":"X. Y. Tan","year":"2009","unstructured":"X. Y. Tan, S. C. Chen, Z. H. Zhou, J. Liu. Face recognition under occlusions and variant expressions with partial similarity. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 217\u2013230, 2009.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749308401045","volume":"46","author":"J. W. Tanaka","year":"1993","unstructured":"J. W. Tanaka, M. J. Farah. Parts and wholes in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 225\u2013245, 1993.","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"974_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA290205","volume-title":"Face Recognition Under Varying Pose, Center for Biological and Computational Learning","author":"D. J. Beymer","year":"1993","unstructured":"D. J. Beymer. Face Recognition Under Varying Pose, Center for Biological and Computational Learning, Cambridge, USA: MIT, 1993."},{"issue":"10","key":"974_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1109\/34.254061","volume":"15","author":"R. Brunelli","year":"1993","unstructured":"R. Brunelli, T. Poggio. Face recognition: Features versus templates. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1042\u20131052, 1993.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"974_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1994.323814","volume-title":"View-based and Modular Eigenspaces for Face Recognition","author":"A. Pentland","year":"1994","unstructured":"A. Pentland, B. Mogghadam, T. Starner. View-based and Modular Eigenspaces for Face Recognition, Cambridge, USA: MIT, 1994."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"974_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-3142(03)00073-0","volume":"91","author":"B. Heisele","year":"2003","unstructured":"B. Heisele, P. Ho, J. Wu, T. Poggio. Face recognition: Component-based versus global approaches. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol. 91, no. 1\u20132, pp. 6\u201321, 2003.","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding"},{"key":"974_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238351","volume":"1","author":"C. Wallraven","year":"2003","unstructured":"C. Wallraven, B. Caputo, A. Graf. Recognition with local features: The kernel recipe. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, IEEE, Nice, France, vol. 1, pp. 257\u2013264, 2003.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, IEEE, Nice, France"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"974_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.03.004","volume":"30","author":"W. L. Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"W. L. Huang, H. J. Yin. On nonlinear dimensionality reduction for face recognition. Image and Vision Computing, vol. 30, no. 4\u20135, pp. 355\u2013366, 2012.","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"974_CR42","first-page":"353","volume":"1","author":"A. M. Martinez","year":"2003","unstructured":"A. M. Martinez. Recognizing expression variant faces from a single sample image per class. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Columbus, USA, vol. 1, pp. I-353\u2013358, 2003.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Columbus, USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.849817","volume":"16","author":"X. Y. Tan","year":"2005","unstructured":"X. Y. Tan, S. C. Chen, Z. H. Zhou, F. Y. Zhang. Recognizing partially occluded, expression variant faces from single training image per person with SOM and soft k-NN ensemble. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 875\u2013886, 2005.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"974_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1109\/CIRA.2003.1222308","volume":"2","author":"T. Kanade","year":"2003","unstructured":"T. Kanade, A. Yamada. Multi-subregion based probabilistic approach toward pose-invariant face recognition. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Kobe, Japan, vol. 2, pp. 954\u2013959, 2003.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation"},{"issue":"7","key":"974_CR45","first-page":"711","volume":"19","author":"P. N. Belhumeur","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. N. Belhumeur, J. P. Hespanha, D. Kriegman. Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 711\u2013720, 1997.","journal-title":"Fisherfaces: Recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"15","key":"974_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(03)00126-0","volume":"24","author":"H. C. Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"H. C. Kim, D. Kim, S. Y. Bang. Face recognition using LDA mixture model. Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 24, no. 15, pp. 2815\u20132821, 2003.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"974_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2006.10.008","volume":"70","author":"W. M. Zuo","year":"2007","unstructured":"W. M. Zuo, K. Q. Wang, D. Zhang, H. Z. Zhang. Combination of two novel LDA-based methods for face recognition. Neurocomputing, vol. 70, no. 4\u20136, pp. 735\u2013742, 2007.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"22","key":"974_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2013.04.108","volume":"124","author":"C. J. Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"C. J. Zhou, L. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. P. Wei. Face recognition based on PCA image reconstruction and LDA. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 124, no. 22, pp. 5599\u20135603, 2013.","journal-title":"Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x","volume":"7","author":"R. A. Fisher","year":"1936","unstructured":"R. A. Fisher. The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems. Annual of Eugenics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 179\u2013188, 1936.","journal-title":"Annual of Eugenics"},{"key":"974_CR50","volume-title":"Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis","author":"R. O. Duda","year":"1973","unstructured":"R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart. Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, New York, USA: Wiley, 1973."},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/72.554195","volume":"8","author":"S. Lawrence","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Lawrence, C. L. Giles, T. Ah Chung, A. D. Back. Face recognition: A convolutional neural-network approach. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 98\u2013113, 1997.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-011-0573-5","volume":"8","author":"W. Y. Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"W. Y. Yang, S. X. Liu, T. S. Jin, X. M. Xu. An optimization criterion for generalized marginal fisher analysis on undersampled problems. International Journal of Automation and Computing, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 193\u2013200, 2011.","journal-title":"International Journal of Automation and Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.1.71","volume":"3","author":"M. Turk","year":"1991","unstructured":"M. Turk, A. Pentland. Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 71\u201386, 1991.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"974_CR54","first-page":"536","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II","author":"S. Mika","year":"1999","unstructured":"S. Mika, B. Sch\u00f6lkopf, A. Smola, K. R. M\u00fcller, M. Scholz, G. R\u00e4tsch. Kernel PCA and de-noising in feature spaces. In Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II, MIT, Cambridge, USA, pp. 536\u2013542, 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1261097","volume":"26","author":"Y. Jian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Y. Jian, D. Zhang, A. F. Frangi, J. Y. Yang. Twodimensional PCA: A new approach to appearance-based face representation and recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 131\u2013137, 2004.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"974_CR56","volume-title":"Multidimensional Scaling","author":"T. Cox","year":"1994","unstructured":"T. Cox, M. Cox. Multidimensional Scaling, London, UK: Chapman & Hall, 1994."},{"issue":"5500","key":"974_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2319","volume":"290","author":"J. B. Tenenbaum","year":"2000","unstructured":"J. B. Tenenbaum, V. De Silva, J. C. Langford. A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science, vol. 290, no. 5500, pp. 2319\u20132323, 2000.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/72.554199","volume":"8","author":"P. Demartines","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. Demartines, J. Herault. Curvilinear component analysis: a self-organizing neural network for nonlinear mapping of data sets. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 148\u2013154, 1997.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"974_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00026-5","volume":"13","author":"A. Hyv\u00e4rinen","year":"2000","unstructured":"A. Hyv\u00e4rinen, E. Oja. Independent component analysis: Algorithms and applications. Neural Networks, vol. 13, no. 4\u20135, pp. 411\u2013430, 2000.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"974_CR60","first-page":"153","volume":"16","author":"X. Niyogi","year":"2004","unstructured":"X. Niyogi. Locality preserving projections. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, vol. 16, pp. 153, 2004.","journal-title":"In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA"},{"issue":"5500","key":"974_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2323","volume":"290","author":"S. T. Roweis","year":"2000","unstructured":"S. T. Roweis, L. K. Saul. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science, vol. 290, no. 5500, pp. 2323\u20132326, 2000.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"974_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97610-0","volume-title":"Self-organizing Map","author":"T. Kohonen","year":"1995","unstructured":"T. Kohonen. Self-organizing Map, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 1995."},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/72.761722","volume":"10","author":"A. Hyv\u00e4rinen","year":"1999","unstructured":"A. Hyv\u00e4rinen. Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 626\u2013634, 1999.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"8","key":"974_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2021737","volume":"18","author":"Y. Su","year":"2007","unstructured":"Y. Su, S. G. Shan, X. L. Chen, W. Gao. Hierarchical ensemble of global and local classifiers for face recognition. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1885\u20131896, 2007.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-012-0636-2","volume":"9","author":"W. G. Yi","year":"2012","unstructured":"W. G. Yi, J. Duan, M. Y. Lu. Double-layer bayesian classifier ensembles based on frequent itemsets. International Journal of Automation and Computing, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 215\u2013220, 2012.","journal-title":"International Journal of Automation and Computing"},{"key":"974_CR66","volume-title":"The AR Face Database","author":"A. M. Martinez","year":"1998","unstructured":"A. M. Martinez, R. Benavente. The AR Face Database. CVC Technical Report, [Online], Available: http:\/\/www2. ece. ohio-state. edu\/ aleix\/ARdatabase. html, 1998."},{"issue":"12","key":"974_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1109\/34.817413","volume":"21","author":"M. J. Lyons","year":"1999","unstructured":"M. J. Lyons, J. Budynek, J. Budynek. Automatic Classification of Single Facial Images. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1357\u20131362, 1999.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"974_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(97)00070-X","volume":"16","author":"P. J. Phillips","year":"1998","unstructured":"P. J. Phillips, H. Wechsler, J. Huang, P. J. Rauss. The FERET database and evaluation procedure for face recognition algorithms. Image and Vision Computing, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 295\u2013306, 1998.","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"974_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543262","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","author":"P. Lucey","year":"2010","unstructured":"P. Lucey, J. F. Cohn, T. Kanade, J. Saragih, Z. Ambadar, I. Matthews. The Extended Cohn-Kanade Dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, IEEE, San Francisco, USA, pp. 94\u2013101, 2010."},{"issue":"10","key":"974_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1109\/34.879790","volume":"22","author":"P. J. Phillips","year":"2000","unstructured":"P. J. Phillips, M. Hyeonjoon, S. A. Rizvi, P. J. Rauss. The FERET evaluation methodology for face-recognition algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1090\u20131104, 2000.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"11","key":"974_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00137-7","volume":"36","author":"M. S. Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"M. S. Kim, D. Kim, S. Y. Lee. Face recognition using the embedded HMM with second-order block-specific observations. Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2723\u20132735, 2003.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Automation and Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11633-016-0974-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11633-016-0974-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11633-016-0974-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T23:49:22Z","timestamp":1568072962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11633-016-0974-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11633-016-0974-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-8186","1751-8520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-8186","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-8520","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]}}}