{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:00:54Z","timestamp":1784797254614,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach. Intell. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-025-1588-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:49:50Z","timestamp":1775544590000},"page":"786-803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GaussianSeal: Rooting Adaptive Watermarks for 3D Gaussian Generation Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5757-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runyi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuhan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8592-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10674","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"R Rombach","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Rombach, A. Blattmann, D. Lorenz, P. Esser, B. Ommer. High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New Orleans, USA, pp. 10674\u201310685, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042."},{"key":"1588_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00387","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"W Peebles","year":"2023","unstructured":"W. Peebles, S. Xie. Scalable diffusion models with transformers. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Paris, France, pp. 4172\u20134182, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00387."},{"key":"1588_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Ho, W. Chan, C. Saharia, J. Whang, R. Gao, A. Gritsenko, D. P. Kingma, B. Poole, M. Norouzi, D. J. Fleet, T. Salimans. Imagen video: High definition video generation with diffusion models, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2210.02303, 2022.","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-0628"},{"key":"1588_CR4","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"U Singer","year":"2023","unstructured":"U. Singer, A. Polyak, T. Hayes, X. Yin, J. An, S. Zhang, Q. Hu, H. Yang, O. Ashual, O. Gafni, D. Parikh, S. Gupta, Y. Taigman. Make-a-video: Text-to-video generation without text-video data. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Learning Representations, Kigali, Rwanda, 2023."},{"key":"1588_CR5","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"R Min","year":"2024","unstructured":"R. Min, Z. Qin, N. L. Zhang, L. Shen, M. Cheng. Uncovering, explaining, and mitigating the superficial safety of backdoor defense. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, Article number 2477, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR6","unstructured":"H. Ci, Y. Song, P. Yang, J. Xie, M. Z. Shou. WMAdapter: Adding WaterMark control to latent diffusion models, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.08337, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1145\/3664647.3681418","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","author":"Z Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Z. Ma, G. Jia, B. Qi, B. Zhou. Safe-SD: Safe and traceable stable diffusion with text prompt trigger for invisible generative watermarking. In Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 7113\u20137122, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3664647.3681418."},{"key":"1588_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0567-5_21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering","author":"S Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"S. Peng, Y. Chen, C. Wang, X. Jia. Intellectual property protection of diffusion models via the watermark diffusion process. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, Doha, Qatar, pp. 290\u2013305, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0567-5_21."},{"key":"1588_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Kerbl, G. Kopanas, T. Leimkuehler, G. Drettakis. 3D Gaussian splatting for real-time radiance field rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 42, no. 4, Article number 139, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3592433.","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433"},{"key":"1588_CR10","unstructured":"C. Li, C. Zhang, J. Cho, A. Waghwase, L. H. Lee, F. Rameau, Y. Yang, S. H. Bae, C. S. Hong. Generative AI meets 3D: A survey on text-to-3D in AIGC era, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.06131, 2023."},{"key":"1588_CR11","unstructured":"B. Fei, J. Xu, R. Zhang, Q. Zhou, W. Yang, Y. He. 3D Gaussian as a new vision era: A survey, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.07181v1, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6796","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00649","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"T Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. Yi, J. Fang, J. Wang, G. Wu, L. Xie, X. Zhang, W. Liu, Q. Tian, X. Wang. GaussianDreamer: Fast generation from text to 3D Gaussians by bridging 2D and 3D diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 6796\u20136807, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00649."},{"key":"1588_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6517","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00623","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Y Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Liang, X. Yang, J. Lin, H. Li, X. Xu, Y. Chen. Lucid-Dreamer: Towards high-fidelity text-to-3D generation via interval score matching. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 6517\u20136526, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00623."},{"key":"1588_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73235-5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"J Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"J. Tang, Z. Chen, X. Chen, T. Wang, G. Zeng, Z. Liu. LGM: Large multi-view Gaussian model for high-resolution 3D content creation. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-73235-5_1."},{"key":"1588_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72633-0_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Y Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Xu, Z. Shi, Y. Wang, H. Chen, C. Yang, S. Peng, Y. Shen, G. Wetzstein. GRM: Large Gaussian reconstruction model for efficient 3D reconstruction and generation. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-72633-0_1."},{"key":"1588_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72890-7_7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"R Min","year":"2025","unstructured":"R. Min, S. Li, H. Chen, M. Cheng. A watermark-conditioned diffusion model for IP protection. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 104\u2013120, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-72890-7_7."},{"key":"1588_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73024-5_8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"A Rezaei","year":"2025","unstructured":"A. Rezaei, M. Akbari, S. R. Alvar, A. Fatemi, Y. Zhang. LaWa: Using latent space for in-generation image watermarking. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 118\u2013136, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-73024-5_8."},{"key":"1588_CR18","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"W Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"W. Feng, W. Zhou, J. He, J. Zhang, T. Wei, G. Li, T. Zhang, W. Zhang, N. Yu. AquaLoRA: Toward white-box protection for customized stable diffusion models via watermark LoRA. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning, Vienna, Austria, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22409","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02053","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"P Fernandez","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Fernandez, G. Couairon, H. J\u00e9gou, M. Douze, T. Furon. The stable signature: Rooting watermarks in latent diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Paris, France, pp. 22409\u201322420, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02053."},{"key":"1588_CR20","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"X. Zhang, J. Meng, R. Li, Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang. GS-Hider: Hiding messages into 3D Gaussian splatting. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, Article number 1576, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Jang, H. Park, F. Yang, H. Ko, E. Choo, S. Kim. 3D-GSW: 3D Gaussian splatting watermark for protecting copyrights in radiance fields, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.13222v1, 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.00557"},{"key":"1588_CR22","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"X Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"X. Huang, R. Li, Y. M. Cheung, K. C. Cheung, S. See, R. Wan. GaussianMarker: Uncertainty-aware copyright protection of 3D Gaussian splatting. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, Article number 1040, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Q Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Q. Song, Z. Luo, K. C. Cheung, S. See, R. Wan. Geometry cloak: Preventing TGS-based 3D reconstruction from copyrighted images. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, Article number 3793, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00355","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"L. Zhang, A. Rao, M. Agrawala. Adding conditional control to text-to-image diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Paris, France, pp. 3813\u20133824, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00355."},{"key":"1588_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i5.28226","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"C Mou","year":"2024","unstructured":"C. Mou, X. Wang, L. Xie, Y. Wu, J. Zhang, Z. Qi, Y. Shan. T2I-Adapter: Learning adapters to dig out more controllable ability for text-to-image diffusion models. In Proceedings of the 38th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 4296\u20134304, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v38i5.28226."},{"key":"1588_CR26","unstructured":"Y. Zhao, T. Pang, C. Du, X. Yang, N. M. Cheung, M. Lin. A recipe for watermarking diffusion models, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.10137, 2023."},{"key":"1588_CR27","unstructured":"Y. Liu, Z. Li, M. Backes, Y. Shen, Y. Zhang. Watermarking diffusion model, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.12502, 2023."},{"key":"1588_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1145\/3581783.3612448","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia","author":"C Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Xiong, C. Qin, G. Feng, X. Zhang. Flexible and secure watermarking for latent diffusion model. In Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 1668\u20131676, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3581783.3612448."},{"key":"1588_CR29","unstructured":"L. Lei, K. Gai, J. Yu, L. Zhu. DiffuseTrace: A transparent and flexible watermarking scheme for latent diffusion model, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.02696, 2024."},{"issue":"21","key":"1588_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35238","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3434656","volume":"11","author":"Z Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Z. Yuan, L. Li, Z. Wang, X. Zhang. Watermarking for stable diffusion models. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 35238\u201335249, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3434656.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"1588_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10448363","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"R. Wang, R. Wan, Z. Guo, Q. Guo, R. Huang. SPY-Watermark: Robust invisible watermarking for backdoor attack. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Seoul, Republic of Korea, pp. 2700\u20132704, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10448363."},{"key":"1588_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8974","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00857","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"C Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"C. Kim, K. Min, M. Patel, S. Cheng, Y. Yang. WOUAF: Weight modulation for user attribution and fingerprinting in text-to-image diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 8974\u20138983, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00857."},{"key":"1588_CR33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"D P Kingma","year":"2014","unstructured":"D. P. Kingma, M. Welling. Auto-encoding variational bayes. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Representations, Banff, Canada, 2014."},{"key":"1588_CR34","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Y Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Wen, J. Kirchenbauer, J. Geiping, T. Goldstein. Treerings watermarks: Invisible fingerprints for diffusion images. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, New Orleans, USA, Article number 2529, 2023."},{"key":"1588_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73390-1_20","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"H Ci","year":"2025","unstructured":"H. Ci, P. Yang, Y. Song, M. Z. Shou. RingID: Rethinking tree-ring watermarking for enhanced multi-key identification. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 338\u2013354, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-73390-1_20."},{"key":"1588_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12162","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01156","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Z Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Z. Yang, K. Zeng, K. Chen, H. Fang, W. Zhang, N. Yu. Gaussian shading: Provable performance-lossless image watermarking for diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 12162\u201312171, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01156."},{"key":"1588_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6038","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00585","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"R Mokady","year":"2023","unstructured":"R. Mokady, A. Hertz, K. Aberman, Y. Pritch, D. Cohen-Or. Null-text inversion for editing real images using guided diffusion models. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 6038\u20136047, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00585."},{"key":"1588_CR38","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"J Ho","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Ho, A. Jain, P. Abbeel. Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, Article number 574, 2020."},{"key":"1588_CR39","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"J Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Song, C. Meng, S. Ermon. Denoising diffusion implicit models. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations, 2021."},{"key":"1588_CR40","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Song, J. Sohl-Dickstein, D. P. Kingma, A. Kumar, S. Ermon, B. Poole. Score-based generative modeling through stochastic differential equations. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations, 2021."},{"issue":"11","key":"1588_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00086-4","volume":"36","author":"Z Yu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Z. Yu, H. H. Ip, L. Kwok. A robust watermarking scheme for 3D triangular mesh models. Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2603\u20132614, 2003. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00086-4.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"1588_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10021","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00979","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"I Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"I. Yoo, H. Chang, X. Luo, O. Stava, C. Liu, P. Milanfar, F. Yang. Deep 3D-to-2D watermarking: Embedding messages in 3D meshes and extracting them from 2D renderings. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New Orleans, USA, pp. 10021\u201310030, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00979."},{"key":"1588_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV61041.2025.00080","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","author":"G Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"G. Singh, T. Hu, M. Akbari, Q. Tang, Y. Zhang. Towards secure and usable 3D assets: A novel framework for automatic visible watermarking. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, Tucson, USA, pp. 721\u2013730, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV61041.2025.00080."},{"issue":"3","key":"1588_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.t01-1-00597","volume":"21","author":"R Ohbuchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"R. Ohbuchi, A. Mukaiyama, S. Takahashi. A frequency-domain approach to watermarking 3D shapes. Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 373\u2013382, 2002. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8659.t01-1-00597.","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"1588_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72673-6_24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"X Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"X. Huang, K. C. Cheung, S. See, R. Wan. Geometry-Sticker: Enabling ownership claim of recolorized neural radiance fields. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 438\u2013454, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-72673-6_24."},{"key":"1588_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73247-8_4","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Q Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Q. Song, Z. Luo, K. C. Cheung, S. See, R. Wan. Protecting NeRFs\u2019 copyright via plug -and-play watermarking base model. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 57\u201373, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-73247-8_4."},{"issue":"1","key":"1588_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/3503250","volume":"65","author":"B Mildenhall","year":"2022","unstructured":"B. Mildenhall, P. P. Srinivasan, M. Tancik, J. T. Barron, R. Ramamoorthi. R. Ng. NeRF: Representing scenes as neural radiance fields for view synthesis. Communications of the ACM, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 99\u2013106, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3503250.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"1588_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00047","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Li, B. Y. Feng, Z. Fan, P. Pan, Z. Wang. StegaNeRF: Embedding invisible information within neural radiance fields. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Paris, France, pp. 441\u2013453, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00047."},{"key":"1588_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22344","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02047","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Z Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Z. Luo, Q. Guo, K. C. Cheung, S. See, R. Wan. CopyRNeRF: Protecting the CopyRight of neural radiance fields. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, Paris, France, pp. 22344\u201322354, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02047."},{"key":"1588_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12087","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01149","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Y Jang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Jang, D. I. Lee, M. Jang, J. W. Kim, F. Yang, S. Kim. WateRF: Robust watermarks in radiance fields for protection of copyrights. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 12087\u201312097, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01149."},{"key":"1588_CR51","unstructured":"C. Li, H. Liu, Z. Fan, W. Li, Y. Liu, P. Pan, Y. Yuan. GaussianStego: A generalizable stenography pipeline for generative 3D Gaussians splatting, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.01301, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19447","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01839","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Z Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Z. Yu, A. Chen, B. Huang, T. Sattler, A. Geiger. Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian splatting. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 19447\u201319456, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01839."},{"key":"1588_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641519.3657428","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference","author":"B Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"B. Huang, Z. Yu, A. Chen, A. Geiger, S. Gao. 2D Gaussian splatting for geometrically accurate radiance fields. In Proceedings of ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference, Denver, USA, Article number 32, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3641519.3657428."},{"key":"1588_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19457","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01840","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"D Charatan","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. Charatan, S. L. Li, A. Tagliasacchi, V. Sitzmann. PixelSplat: 3D Gaussian splats from image pairs for scalable generalizable 3D reconstruction. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 19457\u201319467, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01840."},{"key":"1588_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20654","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01952","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"T Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. Lu, M. Yu, L. Xu, Y. Xiangli, L. Wang, D. Lin, B. Dai. Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for view-adaptive rendering. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 20654\u201320664, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01952."},{"key":"1588_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72664-4_21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Chen, H. Xu, C. Zheng, B. Zhuang, M. Pollefeys, A. Geiger, T. J. Cham, J. Cai. MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian splatting from sparse multi-view images. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 370\u2013386, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-72664-4_21."},{"key":"1588_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73242-3_26","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"X He","year":"2025","unstructured":"X. He, J. Chen, S. Peng, D. Huang, Y. Li, X. Huang, C. Yuan, W. Ouyang, T. He. GVGEN: Text-to-3D generation with volumetric representation. In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Computer Vision, Milan, Italy, pp. 463\u2013479, 2025. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-73242-3_26."},{"key":"1588_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01267-0_40","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"J Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Zhu, R. Kaplan, J. Johnson, Li F. F. HiDDeN: Hiding data with deep networks. In Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Computer Vision, Munich, Germany, pp. 682\u2013697, 2018. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01267-0_40."},{"key":"1588_CR59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Y Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Shi, P. Wang, J. Ye, L. Mai, K. Li, X. Yang. MVDream: Multi-view diffusion for 3D generation. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Representations, Vienna, Austria, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1117\/12.24246","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE 1360, Visual Communications and Image Processing\u2019 90: Fifth in a Series","author":"A N Akansu","year":"1990","unstructured":"A. N. Akansu, R. A. Haddad, H. Caglar. Perfect reconstruction binomial QMF-wavelet transform. In Proceedings of SPIE 1360, Visual Communications and Image Processing\u2019 90: Fifth in a Series, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 609\u2013618, 1990. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.24246."},{"issue":"7","key":"1588_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2822810","volume":"25","author":"F Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"F. Wang, J. Cheng, W. Liu, H. Liu. Additive margin softmax for face verification. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 926\u2013930, 2018. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSP.2018.2822810.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters"},{"key":"1588_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13142","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01263","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"M Deitke","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Deitke, D. Schwenk, J. Salvador, L. Weihs, O. Michel, E. VanderBilt, L. Schmidt, K. Ehsanit, A. Kembhavi, A. Farhadi. Objaverse: A universe of annotated 3D objects. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 13142\u201313153, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01263."},{"key":"1588_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"R Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"R. Zhang, P. Isola, A. A. Efros, E. Shechtman, O. Wang. The unreasonable effectiveness of deep features as a perceptual metric. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, USA, pp. 586\u2013595, 2018. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068."},{"key":"1588_CR64","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"I Loshchilov","year":"2019","unstructured":"I. Loshchilov, F. Hutter. Decoupled weight decay regularization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations, New Orleans, USA, 2019."},{"key":"1588_CR65","unstructured":"B. Boehm. StegExpose-A tool for detecting LSB steganography, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1410.6656, 2014."},{"key":"1588_CR66","unstructured":"J. Xu, W. Cheng, Y. Gao, X. Wang, S. Gao, Y. Shan. InstantMesh: Efficient 3D mesh generation from a single image with sparse-view large reconstruction models, [Online], Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.07191, 2024."},{"key":"1588_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10324","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00983","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Z X Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Z. X. Zou, Z. Yu, Y. C. Guo, Y. Li, D. Liang, Y. P. Cao, S. H. Zhang. Triplane meets Gaussian splatting: Fast and generalizable single-view 3D reconstruction with transformers. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 10324\u201310335, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00983."},{"key":"1588_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588432.3591484","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference","author":"Y H Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. H. Huang, Y. P. Cao, Y. K. Lai, Y. Shan, L. Gao. NeRF-Texture: Texture synthesis with neural radiance fields. In Proceedings of ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference, Los Angeles, USA, Article number 43, 2023. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3588432.3591484."},{"issue":"9","key":"1588_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3382198","volume":"46","author":"Y H Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. H. Huang, Y. P. Cao, Y. K. Lai, Y. Shan, L. Gao. NeRF-texture: Synthesizing neural radiance field textures. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 5986\u20136000, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3382198.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"1588_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16762","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01608","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"W. Li, X. Chen, J. Wang, B. Chen. Patch-based 3D natural scene generation from a single example. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 16762\u201316772, 2023. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01608."},{"key":"1588_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. M\u00fcller, A. Evans, C. Schied, A. Keller. Instant neural graphics primitives with a multiresolution hash encoding. ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 41, no. 4, Article number 102, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3528223.3530127.","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530127"},{"key":"1588_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21719","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02052","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"J C Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. C. Lee, D. Rho, X. Sun, J. H. Ko, E. Park. Compact 3D Gaussian representation for radiance field. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, USA, pp. 21719\u201321728, 2024. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02052."}],"container-title":["Machine Intelligence Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11633-025-1588-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11633-025-1588-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11633-025-1588-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:02:50Z","timestamp":1784793770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11633-025-1588-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11633-025-1588-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"2731-5398","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations of conflict of interest"}}]}}