{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T07:08:11Z","timestamp":1770534491547,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sc. China"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-007-0012-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,12]],"date-time":"2007-06-12T15:50:30Z","timestamp":1181663430000},"page":"126-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Chinese character recognition: history, status and prospects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ruwei","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(76)90037-6","volume":"8","author":"W. Stallings","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stallings W. Approaches to Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recognition, 1976, 8(2): 87\u201398","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"12_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767545","volume":"6","author":"S. Mori","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mori S, Yamamoto K, Yasuda M. Research on machine recognition of handprinted characters. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1984, 6(4): 386\u2013405","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"12_CR3","first-page":"401","volume":"E29","author":"M. Umeda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Umeda M. Advances in recognition methods for handwritten Kanji characters. IEICE Trans. Information and Systems, 1996, E29(5): 401\u2013410","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Information and Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(93)90030-Z","volume":"26","author":"T. H. Hildebrandt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hildebrandt T H, Liu W. Optical recognition of handwritten Chinese characters: advances since 1980. Pattern Recognition, 1993, 26(2): 205\u2013225","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1262182","volume":"26","author":"C.-L. Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu C-L, Jaeger S, Nakagawa M. Online recognition of Chinese characters: the state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2004, 26(2): 198\u2013213","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"12_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy G. Pattern Recognition 1966 IEEE Workshop, IEEE Spectrum, Feb. 1967, 92\u201394","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.1967.5216211"},{"key":"12_CR7","unstructured":"Iijima T, Genchi H, Mori K. A theory of character recognition by pattern matching method. ln: Proceedings of. 1st IJCPR, 1973, 50\u201356"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR8","first-page":"29","volume":"10","author":"M. Yasuda","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yasuda M, Fujisawa H. An improved correlation method for character recognition. Systems, Computers, and Controls, 1979, 10(2): 29\u201338 (Translated from Trans. IEICE Japan, 1979, 62-D(3): 217\u2013224)","journal-title":"Systems, Computers, and Controls"},{"key":"12_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(83)90089-2","volume":"1","author":"Y. Yamashita","year":"1983","unstructured":"Yamashita Y, Higuchi K, Yamada Y, et al. Classification of hand-printed Kanji characters by the structured segment matching method. Pattern Recognition Letters, 1983, 1: 475\u2013479","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"12_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/PGEC.1966.264379","volume":"EC-15","author":"R. Casey","year":"1966","unstructured":"Casey R, Nagy G. Recognition of printed Chinese characters. IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers, 1966, EC-15(1): 91\u2013101","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers"},{"key":"12_CR11","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Nakajima A, Nakata K. Chinese character recognition by hierarchical pattern matching. In: Proceedings of 1st IJCPR, 1973, 183\u2013194"},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1109\/21.155943","volume":"27","author":"L. Xu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Xu L, Krzyzak A, Suen C Y. Methods of combining multiple classifiers and their applications to handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1992, 27(3): 418\u2013435","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/34.667881","volume":"20","author":"J. Kittler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kittler J, Hatef M, Duin R P W, et al. On combining classifiers. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998, 20(3): 226\u2013239","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"12_CR14","volume-title":"Real Time Chinese Handwriting Recognition","author":"j. Liu","year":"1966","unstructured":"Liu j. Real Time Chinese Handwriting Recognition. E.E. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, 1966"},{"key":"12_CR15","unstructured":"Zobrak M. A method for rapid recognition hand drawn line patterns. M.S. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1966"},{"key":"12_CR16","unstructured":"Yamamoto k, Rosenfeld A. Recognition of handprinted Kanji characters by a relaxation method. In: Proceedings of 6th ICPR, Munich, 1982, 395\u2013398"},{"key":"12_CR17","unstructured":"Fu K S. Syntactic Methods in Pattern Recognition. Academic Press, 1974"},{"key":"12_CR18","unstructured":"Fu K S. Syntactic Pattern Recognition and Applications. Prentice-Hall, 1982"},{"key":"12_CR19","unstructured":"Tai J W. A syntactic-semantic approach for Chinese character recognition. In: Proceedings of 7th ICPR, Montreal, Canada, 1984, 374\u2013376"},{"issue":"1","key":"12_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767881","volume":"9","author":"F. Kimura","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kimura F, Takashina K, Tsuruoka S, et al. Modified quadratic discriminant functions and the application to Chinese character recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1987, 9(1): 149\u2013153","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"11","key":"12_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1240117","volume":"25","author":"I.-J. Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim I-J, Kim J H. Statistical character structure modeling and its application to handwritten Chinese character recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2003, 25(11): 1422\u20131436","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"12_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukumo J, Tanaka H. Classification of handprinted Chinese characters using non-linear normalization and correlation methods. In: Proceedings of 9th ICPR, Rome, 1988, 168\u2013171","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.1988.28197"},{"issue":"9","key":"12_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90110-7","volume":"23","author":"H. Yamada","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yamada H, Yamamoto K, Saito T. A nonlinear normalization method for hanprinted Kanji character recognition-line density equalization. Pattern Recognition, 1990, 23(9): 1023\u20131029","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"12_CR24","first-page":"83","volume":"5","author":"Y. X. Gu","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gu Y X, Wang Q R, Suen C Y. Application of a multilayer decision tree in computer recognition of Chinese characters. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1983, 5(1): 83\u201389","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"12_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767546","volume":"6","author":"Q. R. Wang","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wang Q R, Suen C Y. Analysis and design of a decision tree based on entropy reduction and its application to large character set recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1984, 6(4): 406\u2013417","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"12_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai J W, Liu Y J. Chinese character recognition. In: Bunke H, Sanfeliu A, eds. Syntactic and Structural Pattern Recognition-Theory and Application. World Scientific, 1989","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812814913_0015"},{"issue":"8","key":"12_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00152-5","volume":"30","author":"h. Hao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hao h, Xiao X, Dai R. Handwritten Chinese character recognition by metasynthesis approach. Pattern Recognition, 1997, 30(8), 1321\u20131328","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"12_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(98)00072-5","volume":"19","author":"X. Lin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lin X, Ding X, Chen M, et al. Adaptive confidence transform based classifier combination for Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 1998, 19(10): 975\u2013988","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"12_CR29","unstructured":"Yamamoto K, Yamada H, Saito T, et al. Recognition of handprinted Chinese characters and Japanese cursive syllabury. In: Proceedings of 7th ICPR, Montreal, 1984, 385\u2013388"},{"key":"12_CR30","unstructured":"Yamada H. Contour DP matching method and its application to handprinted Chinese character recognition. In: Proceedings of 7th ICPR, Montreal, 1984, 389\u2013392"},{"key":"12_CR31","unstructured":"Yamamoto K, Yamada H, Saito T, et al. Recognition of handprinted characters in the first level of JIS Chinese characters. In: Proceedings of 8th ICPR, Paris, 1986, 570\u2013572"},{"key":"12_CR32","first-page":"483","volume":"2","author":"J. Tsukumo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tsukumo J. Handprinted Kanji character recognition based on flexible template matching. In: Proceedings of 11th ICPR, The Hague, 1992, Vol.2, 483\u2013486","journal-title":"Proceedings of 11th ICPR, The Hague"},{"issue":"4","key":"12_CR33","first-page":"835","volume":"J76-D-II","author":"J. Guo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guo J, Sun N, Nemoto Y, et al. Recognition of handwritten characters using pattern transformation method with cosine function, Trans. IEICE Japan, 1993, J76-D-II(4): 835\u2013842 (in Japanese)","journal-title":"Trans. IEICE Japan"},{"issue":"5","key":"12_CR34","first-page":"516","volume":"79-D","author":"K. Saruta","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saruta K, Kato N, Abe M, et al. High accuracy recognition of ETL9B using exclusive learning neural network-II (ELNET-II). IEICE Trans. Information and Systems, 1996, 79-D(5): 516\u2013521","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Information and Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"12_CR35","first-page":"2752","volume":"J80-D-II","author":"M. Suzuki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Omachi S, Kato N, et al. A discrimination method of similar characters using compound Mahalanobis function. Trans. IEICE Japan, 1997, J80-D-II(10): 2752\u20132760 (in Japanese)","journal-title":"Trans. IEICE Japan"},{"issue":"8","key":"12_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00153-7","volume":"30","author":"F. Kimura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kimura F, Wakabayashi T, Tsuruoka S, et al. Improvement of handwritten Japanese character recognition using weighted direction code histogram. Pattern Recognition, 30(8): 1329\u20131337, 1997","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1109\/34.754617","volume":"21","author":"N. Kato","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kato N, Suzuki M, Omachi S, et al. A handwritten character recognition system using directional element feature and asymmetric Mahalanobis distance. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1999, 21(3): 258\u2013262","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"11","key":"12_CR38","first-page":"2379","volume":"J84-D-II","author":"K. Sawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sawa K, Wakabayashi T, Tsuruoka S, et al. Accuracy improvement by gradient feature and variable absorbing covariance matrix in handwritten Chinese character recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2001, J84-D-II(11): 2379\u20132397 (in Japanese)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"12_CR39","unstructured":"Dong J X, Krzyzak A, Suen C Y. High accuracy handwritten Chinese character recognition using support vector machine. In: Proceedings of Int. Workshop on Artificial Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Florence, Italy, 2003"},{"key":"12_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Ding X. Handwritten character recognition using gradient feature and quadratic classifier with multiple discrimination schemes. In: Proceedings of 8th ICDAR, Seoul, Korea, 2005, 19\u201323","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.123"},{"key":"12_CR41","first-page":"942","volume":"2","author":"C.-L. Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu C-L. High accuracy handwritten Chinese character recognition using quadratic classifiers with discriminative feature extraction. In: Proceedings of 18th ICPR, Hong Kong, 2006, Vol.2, 942\u2013945","journal-title":"Proceedings of 18th ICPR, Hong Kong"},{"key":"12_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horiuchi T, Haruki R, Yamada H, et al. Two-dimensional extension of nonlinear normalization method using line density for character recognition. In: Proceedings of 4th ICDAR, Ulm, Germany, 1997, 511\u2013514","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1997.620551"},{"issue":"12","key":"12_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.04.019","volume":"38","author":"C.-L. Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu C-L, Marukawa K. Pseudo Two-dimensional shape normalization methods for handwritten Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recognition, 2005, 38(12): 2242\u20132255","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"12_CR44","first-page":"183","volume":"2","author":"A. Kawamura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kawamura A, Yura K, Hayama T, et al. On-line recognition of freely handwritten Japanese characters using directional feature densities. In: Proceedings of 11th ICPR, The Hague, 1992, Vol.2, 183\u2013186","journal-title":"Proceedings of 11th ICPR, The Hague"},{"issue":"7","key":"12_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00146-8","volume":"29","author":"G. Srikantan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Srikantan G, Lam S W, Srihari S N. Gradient-based contour encoder for character recognition. Pattern Recognition, 1996, 29(7): 1147\u20131160","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"12_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00085-2","volume":"36","author":"C.-L. Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu C-L, Nakashima K, Sako H, et al. Handwritten digit recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques. Pattern Recognition, 2003, 36(10): 2271\u20132285","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"12_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukunaga K. Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition. 2nd ed. Academic Press, 1990","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-047865-4.50007-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"12_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.13","volume":"26","author":"M. Loog","year":"2004","unstructured":"Loog M, Duin R P W. Linear dimensionality reduction via a heteroscedastic extension of LDA: the Chernoff criterion. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2004, 26(6): 732\u2013739","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00018-2","volume":"34","author":"C.-L. Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu C-L, Nakagawa M. Evaluation of prototype learning algorithms for nearest neighbor classifier in application to handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recognition, 2001, 34(3): 601\u2013615","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"12_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1109\/34.682186","volume":"20","author":"Y. Y. Tang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tang Y Y, et al. Offline recognition of Chinese handwriting by multi-feature and multilevel classification. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998, 20(5): 556\u2013561","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"12_CR51","unstructured":"Dai R W, Hao H W, Xiao X H. Systems and Integration of Chinese Character Recognition. Zhejiang Science and Technology Press, 1998 (in Chinese)"},{"key":"12_CR52","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Systems Science and Systems Engineering","author":"R. W. Dai","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dai R W, Wang L X. Pattern recognition systems integration by metasynthesis. Systems Science and Systems Engineering. Scientific and Technical Documents House, Beijing, 1997, 7\u201313"},{"key":"12_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao B H, Wang C H, Dai R W. Adaptive combination of classifiers and its application to handwritten Chinese character recognition. In: Proceedings of 15th ICPR, Barcelona, 2000, 327\u2013330","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2000.906079"},{"issue":"1","key":"12_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1360\/02yf0068","volume":"47","author":"C. H. Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang C H, Xiao B H, Dai R W. Parallel compact integration in handwritten Chinese character recognition. Science in China Series F-Information Sciences, 2004, 47(1): 89\u201396","journal-title":"Science in China Series F-Information Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"12_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219622002000488","volume":"1","author":"B. H. Xiao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xiao B H, Wang C H, Dai R W. Handwritten Chinese character recognition by metasynthetic approach. Int. J. Information Technology and Decision Making, World Scientific Press, 2003, 1(4): 621\u2013634","journal-title":"Int. J. Information Technology and Decision Making"},{"key":"12_CR56","volume-title":"Sequential Methods in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"K. S. Fu","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fu K S. Sequential Methods in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Academic Press, New York, 1968"},{"key":"12_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu K S. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Plenum Press, 1971","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-7566-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"12_CR58","first-page":"343","volume":"8","author":"K. S. Fu","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fu K S. Grammatical inference: introduction and survey, Part I and Part II. IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1986, 8(3): 343\u2013375","journal-title":"IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"12_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310222","volume":"9","author":"K. C. You","year":"1979","unstructured":"You K C, Fu K S. A syntactic approach to stage recognition using attributed grammars. IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1979, 9(6): 334\u2013345","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"12_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1980.4308414","volume":"10","author":"W. H. Tsai","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tsai W H, Fu K S. Attributed grammar-a tool for combining syntactic and statistical approaches to pattern recognition. IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1980, 10(12): 873\u2013885","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"12_CR61","unstructured":"Tsai W-H, Fu K S. A syntactic-statistical approach to recognition of industrial objects. In: Proceedings of 5th ICPR, Miami, 1980, 251\u2013259"},{"issue":"12","key":"12_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310127","volume":"9","author":"W.-H. Tsai","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tsai W-H, Fu K S. Error-correcting isomorphism of attributed relational graphs for pattern analysis. IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1979, 9(12): 757\u2013768","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"12_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310126","volume":"9","author":"W.-H. Tsai","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tsai W-H, Fu K S. A pattern deformation model and Bayes error-correcting recognition system. IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1979, 9(12): 745\u2013756","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"12_CR64","unstructured":"Tai J W, Fu K S. Semantic syntax-directed translation for pictorial pattern recognition. Technical Report, School of EE, Purdue University, Oct 1981, TR-EE 81-83"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01692511","volume":"2","author":"D. E. Knuth","year":"1968","unstructured":"Knuth D E. Semantics of context-free language. Journal of Mathematical System Theory, 1968, 2(2): 127\u2013145","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical System Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR66","first-page":"90","volume":"9","author":"J. W. Tai","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tai J W. A kind of relational attributed grammars. Acta Automatica Sinica, 1983, 9(2): 90\u201398 (in Chinese)","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"12_CR67","first-page":"2","volume":"4","author":"X. S. Qian","year":"1993","unstructured":"Qian X S, Yu J Y, Dai R W. A new discipline of science-the study of open complex giant system and its methodology. Chinese J. System Engineering and Electronics, 1993, 4(2): 2\u201312","journal-title":"Chinese J. System Engineering and Electronics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers of Computer Science in China"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11704-007-0012-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11704-007-0012-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11704-007-0012-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:36:16Z","timestamp":1737095776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11704-007-0012-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}},"alternative-id":["12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11704-007-0012-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-7350","1673-7466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-7350","type":"print"},{"value":"1673-7466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}}}