{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1777178881274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T12:03:01Z","timestamp":1601640181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Ethereum smart contract security research: survey and future research opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zeli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim-Kwang Raymond","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deqing","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9284_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaum D. Blind signatures for untraceable payments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Cryptology Conference. 1982, 199\u2013203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0602-4_18"},{"key":"9284_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaum D, Fiat A, Naor M. Untraceable electronic cash. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Cryptology Conference. 1988, 319\u2013327","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-34799-2_25"},{"key":"9284_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49248-8_16","volume-title":"State of the Art in Applied Cryptography","author":"B Schoenmakers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schoenmakers B. Security aspects of the ecashtm payment system. In: State of the Art in Applied Cryptography Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998, 338\u2013352"},{"key":"9284_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivest R L. Peppercoin micropayments. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Financial Cryptography. 2004, 2\u20138","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-27809-2_2"},{"key":"9284_CR5","unstructured":"Satoshi N. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. 2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718","volume":"18","author":"F Tschorsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tschorsch F, Scheuermann B. Bitcoin and beyond: a technical survey on decentralized digital currencies. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2016, 18(3): 2084\u20132123","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials"},{"issue":"4","key":"9284_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2842460","volume":"20","author":"M Conti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conti M, Kumar E S, Lal C, Ruj S. A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2018, 20(4): 3416\u20133452","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2818623","volume":"20","author":"M C K Khalilov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalilov M C K, Levi A. A survey on anonymity and privacy in bitcoin-like digital cash systems. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2018, 20(3): 2543\u20132585","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials"},{"issue":"2","key":"9284_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2882794","volume":"6","author":"M A Ferrag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrag M A, Derdour M, Mukherjee M, Derhab A, Maglaras L, Janicke H. Blockchain technologies for the internet of things: research issues and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018, 6(2): 2188\u20132204","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"9284_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankar L S, Sindhu M, Sethumadhavan M. Survey of consensus protocols on blockchain applications. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems. 2017, 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS.2017.8014672"},{"issue":"1","key":"9284_CR11","first-page":"101","volume":"14","author":"G T Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen G T, Kim K. A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain. Journal of Information Processing Systems, 2018, 14(1): 101\u2013128","journal-title":"Journal of Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"9284_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.09.019","volume":"91","author":"L Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu L, Wu Y, Gai K, Choo K R. Controllable and trustworthy blockchain-based cloud data management. Future Generation Computer system, 2019, 91: 527\u2013535","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer system"},{"issue":"1","key":"9284_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.011791712","volume":"5","author":"C Esposito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esposito C, Santis A D, Tortora G, Chang H, Choo K R. Blockchain: a panacea for healthcare cloud-based data security and privacy. IEEE Cloud Computing, 2018, 5(1): 31\u201337","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Computing"},{"issue":"6","key":"9284_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.064181116","volume":"5","author":"K Gai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gai K, Choo K R, Zhu L. Blockchain-enabled reengineering of cloud Datacenters. IEEE Cloud Computing, 2018, 5(6): 21\u201325","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Computing"},{"key":"9284_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.05.005","volume":"116","author":"C Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin C, He D, Huang X, Choo K R, Vasilakos A V. Bsein: a blockchain-based secure mutual authentication with fine-grained access control system for industry 4.0. Journel of Network and Computer Applications, 2018, 116: 42\u201352","journal-title":"Journel of Network and Computer Applications"},{"key":"9284_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conoscenti M, Vetro A, De Martin J C. Blockchain for the internet of things: a systematic literature review. In: Proceedings of the 13th IEEE\/ACS International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications. 2016, 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2016.7945805"},{"key":"9284_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.060","volume":"97","author":"M U Hassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassan M U, Rehmani M H, Chen J. Privacy preservation in blockchain based iot systems: integration issues, prospects, challenges, and future research directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2019, 97: 512\u2013529","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"9284_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2019.01.005","volume":"6","author":"P J Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor P J, Dargahi T, Dehghantanha A, Parizi R M, Choo K R. A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks, 2020, 6(2): 147\u2013156","journal-title":"Digital Communications and Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2899617","volume":"21","author":"J Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie J, Tang H, Huang T, Yu F R, Xie R, Liu J, Liu Y. A survey of blockchain technology applied to smart cities: research issues and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2019, 21(3): 2794\u20132830","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"issue":"2","key":"9284_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894727","volume":"21","author":"R Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang R, Yu F R, Si P, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Integrated blockchain and edge computing systems: a survey, some research issues and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2019, 21(2): 1508\u20131532","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"issue":"37","key":"9284_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"V Buterin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buterin V. A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. White Paper, 2014, 3(37): 1\u201336","journal-title":"White Paper"},{"key":"9284_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronen E, Shamir A, Weingarten A, O\u2019Flynn C. IoT goes nuclear: creating a zigbee chain reaction. In: Proceedings of the 38th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2017, 195\u2013212","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.14"},{"key":"9284_CR23","unstructured":"Vasisht D, Kapetanovic Z, Won J, Jin X, Chandra R, Sinha S N, Kapoor A, Sudarshan M, Stratman S. Farmbeats: an IoT platform for data-driven agriculture. In: Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. 2017, 515\u2013529"},{"key":"9284_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azaria A, Ekblaw A, Vieira T, Lippman A. Medrec: using blockchain for medical data access and permission management. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data. 2016, 25\u201330","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11"},{"issue":"10","key":"9284_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6","volume":"40","author":"X Yue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yue X, Wang H, Jin D, Li M, Jiang W. Healthcare data gateways: found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control. Journal of Medical Systems, 2016, 40(10): 218","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"9284_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.01.018","volume":"95","author":"L Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen L, Lee W K, Chang C, Choo K R, Zhang N. Blockchain based searchable encryption for electronic health record sharing. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2019, 95: 420\u2013429","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"9284_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.02.027","volume":"135","author":"T McGhin","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGhin T, Choo K R, Liu C Z, He D. Blockchain in healthcare applications: research challenges and opportunities. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2019, 135(1): 62\u201375","journal-title":"Journal of Network and Computer Applications"},{"key":"9284_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huckle S, Bhattacharya R, White M, Beloff N. Internet of things, blockchain and shared economy applications. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks (EUSPN 2016)\/The 6th International Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information and Communication Technologies in Healthcare (ICTH-2016)\/Affiliated Workshops. 2016, 461\u2013466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.074"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-017-9294-5","volume":"61","author":"Q Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao Q. A systematic framework to understand central bank digital currency. Science China Information Sciences, 2018, 61(3): 033101","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"9284_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"049102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-017-9245-1","volume":"61","author":"J Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang J, Han W, Guo Z, Chen Y, Cao C, Wang X S, Li F. DESC: enabling secure data exchange based on smart contracts. Science China Information Sciences, 2018, 61(4): 049102","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"key":"9284_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto S, Reischuk R M. IKP: turning a PKI around with decentralized automated incentives. In: Proceedings of the 38th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2017, 410\u2013426","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.57"},{"key":"9284_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen J, Yao S, Yuan Q, He K, Ji S, Du R. Certchain: public and efficient certificate audit based on blockchain for TLS connections. In: Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. 2018, 2060\u20132068","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486344"},{"key":"9284_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chase M, Meiklejohn S. Transparency overlays and applications. In: Proceedings of the 23th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2016, 168\u2013179","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978404"},{"issue":"9","key":"9284_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v2i9.548","volume":"2","author":"N Szabo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Szabo N. Formalizing and securing relationships on public networks. First Monday, 1997, 2(9): 1\u201321","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"9284_CR35","unstructured":"Paul A, Ahmad A, Khan M, Jeon G. Smart contract\u2019s interface for user centric business model in blockchain. In: Proceedings of the 34th ACM\/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing. 2019, 709\u2013714"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2903172","volume":"13","author":"P Siano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siano P, Marco G De, Rol\u00e1n A, Loia V. A survey and evaluation of the potentials of distributed ledger technology for peer-to-peer transactive energy exchanges in local energy markets. IEEE Systems Journal, 2019, 13(3): 3454\u20133466","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"9284_CR37","unstructured":"Castillo M. The dao attacked: code issue leads to 60 million ether theft. see Coindesk Website, 2020"},{"key":"9284_CR38","unstructured":"Reddit. Smartbillions lottery contract just got hacked. see Reddit Website, 2020"},{"key":"9284_CR39","unstructured":"Petrov S. Another parity wallet hack explained. see Medium Website, 2020"},{"key":"9284_CR40","unstructured":"Slow Mist. Eth dapp hack events. see Slow Mist Hacked Website, 2020"},{"key":"9284_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartoletti M, Pompianu L. An empirical analysis of smart contracts: platforms, applications, and design patterns. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2017, 494\u2013509","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_31"},{"key":"9284_CR42","unstructured":"Castro M, Liskov B. Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In: Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 1999, 173\u2013186"},{"key":"9284_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukhwani H, Mart\u00ednez J M, Chang X, Trivedi K S, Rindos A. Performance modeling of PBFT consensus process for permissioned blockchain network (hyperledger fabric). In: Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems. 2017, 253\u2013255","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS.2017.36"},{"key":"9284_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David B, Gazi P, Kiayias A, Russell A. Ouroboros praos: an adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. 2018, 66\u201398","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_3"},{"key":"9284_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badertscher C, Gazi P, Kiayias A, Russell A, Zikas V. Ouroboros genesis: composable proof-of-stake blockchains with dynamic availability. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2018, 913\u2013930","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243848"},{"key":"9284_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen K, Feldt R, Mujtaba S, Mattsson M. Systematic mapping studies in software engineering. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. 2008","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/EASE2008.8"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2017.2702586","volume":"7","author":"C Pahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pahl C, Brogi A, Soldani J, Jamshidi P. Cloud container technologies: a state-of-the-art review. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, 2019, 7(3): 677\u2013692","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing"},{"key":"9284_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonneau J, Miller A, Clark J, Narayanan A, Kroll J A, Felten E W. Sok: research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. In: Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2015, 104\u2013121","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.14"},{"key":"9284_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharby M, van Moorsel A. Blockchain-based smart contracts: a systematic mapping study. 2017, arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.06372","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2017.71011"},{"key":"9284_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atzei N, Bartoletti M, Cimoli T. A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (sok). In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust. 2017, 164\u2013186","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"issue":"11","key":"9284_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2895123","volume":"49","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, Ouyang L, Yuan Y, Ni X, Han X, Wang F Y. Blockchain-enabled smart contracts: architecture, applications, and future trends. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 2019, 49(11): 2266\u20132277","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"key":"9284_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juels A, Kosba A E, Shi E. The ring of gyges: investigating the future of criminal smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2016, 283\u2013295","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978362"},{"key":"9284_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon Y, Kim D, Son Y, Vasserman E Y, Kim Y. Be selfish and avoid dilemmas: fork after withholding (FAW) attacks on bitcoin. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2017, 195\u2013209","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134019"},{"key":"9284_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyal I. The miner\u2019s dilemma. In: Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2015, 89\u2013103","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.13"},{"key":"9284_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velner Y, Teutsch J, Luu L, Smart contracts make bitcoin mining pools vulnerable. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2017, 298\u2013316","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_19"},{"key":"9284_CR56","first-page":"581","volume":"2018","author":"P McCorry","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCorry P, Hicks A, Meiklejohn S. Smart contracts for bribing Miners. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2018, 2018: 581","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"9284_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.10.057","volume":"477","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Bracciali A, Li T, Li F, Cui X, Zhao M. Randomness invalidates criminal smart contracts. Information Science, 2019, 477: 291\u2013301","journal-title":"Information Science"},{"key":"9284_CR58","unstructured":"Torres C F, Steichen M. The art of the scam: demystifying honeypots in ethereum smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium. 2019"},{"key":"9284_CR59","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Kumar D, Bakshi S, Mason J, Miller A, Bailey M. Erays: reverse engineering ethereum\u2019s opaque smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. 2018, 1371\u20131385"},{"key":"9284_CR60","unstructured":"Schwarz B, Debray S K, Andrews G R. Disassembly of executable code revisited. In: Proceedings of the 9th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering. 2012, 45\u201354"},{"key":"9284_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grech N, Brent L, Scholz B, Smaragdakis Y. Gigahorse: thorough, declarative decompilation of smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering. 2019, 1176\u20131186","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00120"},{"key":"9284_CR62","unstructured":"Parizi R M, Dehghantanha A, Choo R. A singh, empirical vulnerability analysis of automated smart contracts security testing on blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. 2018, 103\u2013113"},{"key":"9284_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Li X, Luo X, Zhang X. Under-optimized smart contracts devour your money. In: Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering. 2017, 442\u2013446","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2017.7884650"},{"key":"9284_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu L, Chu D, Olickel H, Saxena P, Hobor A. Making smart contracts smarter. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2016, 254\u2013269","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309"},{"key":"9284_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Li X, Wang Y, Chen J, Li Z, Luo X, Au M H, Zhang X. An adaptive gas cost mechanism for ethereum to defend against under-priced dos attacks. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Security Practice and Experience. 2017, 3\u201324","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72359-4_1"},{"key":"9284_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu L, Teutsch J, Kulkarni R, Saxena P. Demystifying incentives in the consensus computer. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2015, 706\u2013719","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813659"},{"key":"9284_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y. Finding concurrency exploits on smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings. 2019, 144\u2013146","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-Companion.2019.00061"},{"key":"9284_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coblenz M J. Obsidian: a safer blockchain programming language. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Software Engineering. 2017, 97\u201399","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-C.2017.150"},{"key":"9284_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrans F, Eisenbach S, Drossopoulou S. Writing safe smart contracts in flint. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming. 2018, 218\u2013219","DOI":"10.1145\/3191697.3213790"},{"key":"9284_CR70","unstructured":"Schrans F, Hails D, Harkness A, Drossopoulou S, Eisenbach S. Flint for safer smart contracts. 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.06534"},{"key":"9284_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres C F, Sch\u0100ijtte J, State R. Osiris: hunting for integer bugs in ethereum smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. 2018","DOI":"10.1145\/3274694.3274737"},{"key":"9284_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolic I, Kolluri A, Sergey I, Saxena P, Hobor A. Finding the greedy, prodigal, and suicidal contracts at scale. In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference on Computer Security Applications. 2018","DOI":"10.1145\/3274694.3274743"},{"key":"9284_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang B, Liu Y, Chan W K. Contractfuzzer: fuzzing smart contracts for vulnerability detection. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 2018, 259\u2013269","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238177"},{"key":"9284_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodler M, Li W, Karame G O, Davi L. Sereum: protecting existing smart contracts against re-entrancy attacks. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. 2019","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23413"},{"key":"9284_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma F, Fu Y, Ren M, Wang M, Jiang Y, Zhang K, Li H, Shi X. EVM*: from offline detection to online reinforcement for ethereum virtual machine. In: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering. 2019, 554\u2013558","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2019.8668038"},{"key":"9284_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Zhao W, Sun J. Enabling clone detection for ethereum via smart contract birthmarks. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Program Comprehension. 2019, 105\u2013115","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2019.00024"},{"key":"9284_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Liu C, Zhao W, Jiang Y, Sun J. S-gram: towards semantic-aware security auditing for ethereum smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 2018, 814\u2013819","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3240728"},{"key":"9284_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Yang Z, Liu C, Jiang Y, Zhao W, Sun J, Eclone: detect semantic clones in ethereum via symbolic transaction sketch. In: Proceedings of the 26th 2018 ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. 2018, 900\u2013903","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3264596"},{"key":"9284_CR79","unstructured":"Angelo M D, Salzer G. A survey of tools for analyzing ethereum smart Contracts. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures. 2019"},{"key":"9284_CR80","unstructured":"Krupp J, Rossow C. teEther: gnawing at ethereum to automatically exploit smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. 2018, 1317\u20131333"},{"key":"9284_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mossberg M, Manzano F, Hennenfent E, Groce A, Grieco G, Feist J, Brunson T, Dinaburg A. Manticore: a user-friendly symbolic execution framework for binaries and smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 34th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 2019","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2019.00133"},{"key":"9284_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra S, Goel S, DhawanM, Sharma S. ZEUS: analyzing safety ofsmart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. 2018","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23082"},{"key":"9284_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhargavan K, Delignat-Lavaud A, Fournet C, Gollamudi A, Gonthier G, Kobeissi N, Kulatova N, Rastogi A, Sibut-Pinote T, Swamy N, B\u00e9guelin SZ. Formal verification of smart contracts: Short paper. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security. 2016, 91\u201396","DOI":"10.1145\/2993600.2993611"},{"key":"9284_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idelberger F, Governatori G, Riveret R, Sartor G. Evaluation of logic-based smart contracts for blockchain systems. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Rule Technologies, Research, Tools, and Applications. 2016, 167\u2013183","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42019-6_11"},{"key":"9284_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildenbrandt E, Saxena M, Rodrigues N, Zhu X, Daian P, Guth D, Moore B M, Park D, Zhang Y, Stefanescu A, Rosu G. KEVM: a complete formal semantics of the ethereum virtual machine. In: Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium. 2018, 204\u2013217","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2018.00022"},{"key":"9284_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park D, Zhang Y, Saxena M, Daian P, Rosu G. A formal verification tool for ethereum VM bytecode. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. 2018, 912\u2013915","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3264591"},{"key":"9284_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahrendt W, Pace G J, Schneider G. Smart contracts: a killer application for deductive source code verification. In: M\u00fcller P, Schaefer I. eds. Principled Software Development. Springer, Cham, 2018, 1\u201318","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98047-8_1"},{"key":"9284_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellul J, Pace G J. Runtime verification of ethereum smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 14th European Dependable Computing Conference. 2018, 158\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDCC.2018.00036"},{"key":"9284_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsankov P, Dan A M, Drachsler-Cohen D, Gervais A, B\u00fcnzli F, Vechev M T. Securify: practical security analysis of smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2018, 67\u201382","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243780"},{"key":"9284_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai X, Cheng Z, Duan Z, Hu K. Formal modeling and verification of smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications. 2018, 322\u2013326","DOI":"10.1145\/3185089.3185138"},{"key":"9284_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu C, Liu H, Cao Z, Chen Z, Chen B, Roscoe B. Reguard: finding reentrancy bugs in smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceeedings. 2018, 65\u201368","DOI":"10.1145\/3183440.3183495"},{"key":"9284_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00fcstholz V, Christakis M. Harvey: a greybox fuzzer for smart contracts. 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.06944","DOI":"10.1145\/3368089.3417064"},{"key":"9284_CR93","unstructured":"Tann W J, Han X J, Gupta S S, Ong Y. Towards safer smart contracts: a sequence learning approach to detecting vulnerabilities. 2018, arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.06632"},{"key":"9284_CR94","unstructured":"Finifter M, Akhawe D, Wagner D A. An empirical study of vulnerability rewards programs. In: Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium. 2013, 273\u2013288"},{"key":"9284_CR95","unstructured":"Breidenbach L, Daian P, Tram\u00e8r F, Juels A. Enter the hydra: towards principled bug bounties and exploit-resistant smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. 2018, 1335\u20131352"},{"key":"9284_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banasik W, Dziembowski S, Malinowski D. Efficient zero-knowledge contingent payments in cryptocurrencies without scripts. In: Proceedings of the 21st European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. 2016, 261\u2013280","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45741-3_14"},{"key":"9284_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tram\u00e8r F, Zhang F, Lin H, Hubaux J, Juels A, Shi E. Sealed-glass proofs: using transparent enclaves to prove and sell knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2017, 19\u201334","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2017.28"},{"key":"9284_CR98","unstructured":"Kalodner H A, Goldfeder S, Chen X, Weinberg S M, Felten E W. Arbitrum: scalable, private smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. 2018, 1353\u20131370"},{"key":"9284_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateniese G, Magri B, Venturi D, Andrade E R. Redactable blockchain \u2014 or - rewriting history in bitcoin and friends. In: Proceedings of 2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2017, 111\u2013126","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2017.37"},{"key":"9284_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derler D, Samelin K, Slamanig D, Striecks C. Fine-grained and controlled rewriting in blockchains: chameleon-hashing gone attribute-based. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. 2019","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23066"},{"key":"9284_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildenbrandt E, Saxena M, Rodrigues N, Zhu X, Daian P, Guth D, Moore B M, Park D, Zhang Y, Stefanescu A, Rosu G. KEVM: a complete formal semantics of the ethereum virtual machine. In: Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium. 2018, 204\u2013217","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2018.00022"},{"issue":"6","key":"9284_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlap.2010.03.012","volume":"79","author":"G Rosu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosu G, Serbanuta T. An overview of the K semantic framework. Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming, 2010, 79(6): 397\u2013434","journal-title":"Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming"},{"key":"9284_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee K, Goharshady A K, Pourdamghani A. Probabilistic smart contracts: secure randomness on the blockchain. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency. 2019","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751326"},{"issue":"1","key":"9284_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12095-017-0264-3","volume":"10","author":"C Pierrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pierrot C, Wesolowski B. Malleability of the blockchain\u2019s entropy. Cryptography and Communications, 2018, 10(1): 211\u2013233","journal-title":"Cryptography and Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"9284_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-005-0318-0","volume":"18","author":"C Cachin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cachin C, Kursawe K, Shoup V. Random oracles in constantinople: practical asynchronous byzantine agreement using cryptography. Journal of Cryptology, 2005, 18(3): 219\u2013246","journal-title":"Journal of Cryptology"},{"key":"9284_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonneau J, Narayanan A, Miller A, Clark J, Kroll J A, Felten E W. Mixcoin: anonymity for bitcoin with accountable mixes. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2014, 486\u2013504","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_31"},{"key":"9284_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garman C, Green M, Miers I, Rubin A D. Rational zero: economic security for zerocoin with everlasting anonymity. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2014, 140\u2013155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_10"},{"key":"9284_CR108","unstructured":"B\u00fcnz B, Goldfeder S, Bonneau J. Proofs-of-delay and randomness beacons in ethereum. IEEE Security and Privacy on the Blockchain (IEEE S&B), 2017"},{"key":"9284_CR109","unstructured":"Lenstra A K, Wesolowski B. A random zoo: sloth, unicorn, and trx IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2015, 2015: 366"},{"key":"9284_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilad Y, Hemo R, Micali S, Vlachos G, Zeldovich N. Algorand: scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. In: Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 2017, 51\u201368","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"9284_CR111","unstructured":"Micali S, Rabin M O, Vadhan S P. Verifiable random functions. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. 1999, 120\u2013130"},{"key":"9284_CR112","unstructured":"Hanke T, Movahedi M, Williams D. DFINITY technology overview series, consensus system. 2018, arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.04548"},{"key":"9284_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badertscher C, Gazi P, Kiayias A, Russell A, Zikas V. Ouroboros genesis: composable proof-of-stake blockchains with dynamic availability. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2018, 913\u2013930","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243848"},{"key":"9284_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pass R, Shi E. Thunderella: Blockchains with optimistic instant confirmation. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. 2018, 3\u201333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_1"},{"key":"9284_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F, Cecchetti E, Croman K, Juels A, Shi E. Town crier: an authenticated data feed for smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2016, 270\u2013282","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978326"},{"key":"9284_CR116","unstructured":"Ellis S, Juels A, Nazarov S. Chainlink\u2014a decentralized oracle Network. 2017"},{"key":"9284_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergey I, Hobor A. A concurrent perspective on smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2017, 478\u2013493","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_30"},{"key":"9284_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickerson T D, Gazzillo P, Herlihy M, Koskinen E. Adding concurrency to smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 36th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. 2017, 303\u2013312","DOI":"10.1145\/3087801.3087835"},{"key":"9284_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang A, Zhang K. Enabling concurrency on smart contracts using multiversion ordering. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Web and Big Data. 2018, 425\u2013439","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96893-3_32"},{"key":"9284_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z, Zou D, Xu S, Ou X, Jin H, Wang S, Deng Z, Zhong Y. Vuldeepecker: a deep learning-based system for vulnerability detection. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. 2018","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23158"},{"key":"9284_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell R, Kim L, Hamilton L, Lazovich T, Harer J, Ozdemir O, Elling-wood P, McConley M. Automated vulnerability detection in source code using deep representation learning. In: Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications. 2018, 757\u2013762","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2018.00120"},{"key":"9284_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu B, Huo W, Zhang C, Li W, Li F, Piao A, Zou W. \u03b1diff: cross-version binary code similarity detection with DNN. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 2018, 667\u2013678","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238199"},{"key":"9284_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White M, Tufano M, Vendome C, Poshyvanyk D. Deep learning code fragments for code clone detection. In: Proceedings of the 31st IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 2016, 87\u201398","DOI":"10.1145\/2970276.2970326"}],"container-title":["Frontiers of Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T07:24:40Z","timestamp":1677482680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-2228","2095-2236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-2228","type":"print"},{"value":"2095-2236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"152802"}}