{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:04:26Z","timestamp":1760731466565,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS 1755425","IOS 1755406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 1755425","IOS 1755406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1442256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1442256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Swarm Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biological transportation networks must balance competing functional priorities. The self-organizing mechanisms used to generate such networks have inspired scalable algorithms to construct and maintain low-cost and efficient human-designed transport networks. The pheromone-based trail networks of ants have been especially valuable in this regard. Here, we use turtle ants as our focal system: In contrast to the ant species usually used as models for self-organized networks, these ants live in a spatially constrained arboreal environment where both nesting options and connecting pathways are limited. Thus, they must solve a distinct set of challenges which resemble those faced by human transport engineers constrained by existing infrastructure. Here, we ask how a turtle ant colony\u2019s choice of which nests to include in a network may be influenced by their potential to create connections to other nests. In laboratory experiments with <jats:italic>Cephalotes varians<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cephalotes texanus<\/jats:italic>, we show that nest choice is influenced by spatial constraints, but in unexpected ways. Under one spatial configuration, colonies preferentially occupied more connected nest sites; however, under another spatial configuration, this preference disappeared. Comparing the results of these experiments to an agent-based model, we demonstrate that this apparently idiosyncratic relationship between nest connectivity and nest choice can emerge without nest preferences via a combination of self-reinforcing random movement along constrained pathways and density-dependent aggregation at nests. While this mechanism does not consistently lead to the de-novo construction of low-cost, efficient transport networks, it may be an effective way to expand a network, when coupled with processes of pruning and restructuring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-021-00187-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1619327102000},"page":"7-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nest choice in arboreal ants is an emergent consequence of network creation under spatial constraints"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4914-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elva J. H.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9877-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matina C.","family":"Donaldson-Matasci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02673","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2673","volume":"100","author":"BJ Adams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adams, B. J., Schnitzer, S. A., & Yanoviak, S. P. (2019). Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: A large-scale experimental approach. Ecology, 100(6), e02673.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.01.009","volume":"68","author":"JM Ame","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ame, J. M., Rivault, C., & Deneubourg, J. L. (2004). Cockroach aggregation based on strain odour recognition. Animal Behaviour, 68(4), 793\u2013801.","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00001781","volume":"48","author":"C Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson, C., & McShea, D. W. (2001). Intermediate-level parts in insect societies: Adaptive structures that ants build away from the nest. Insectes Sociaux, 48(4), 291\u2013301.","journal-title":"Insectes Sociaux"},{"key":"187_CR4","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Biomathematics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-51664-1_35","volume-title":"Biological Motion","author":"S Aron","year":"1990","unstructured":"Aron, S., Deneubourg, J. L., Goss, S., & Pasteels, J. M. (1990). Functional self-organisation illustrated by inter-nest traffic in ants: The case of the Argentine ant. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics. In W. Alt & G. Hoffmann (Eds.), Biological Motion (Vol. 89, pp. 533\u2013547). Heidelberg: Berlin."},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1\u201348.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1623","key":"187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.0459","volume":"274","author":"DP Bebber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bebber, D. P., Hynes, J., Darrah, P. R., Boddy, L., & Fricker, M. D. (2007). Biological solutions to transport network design. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1623), 2307\u20132315.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-015-0925-6","volume":"19","author":"P Broly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broly, P., Mullier, R., Devigne, C., & Deneubourg, J. L. (2016). Evidence of self-organization in a gregarious land-dwelling crustacean (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Animal Cognition, 19(1), 181\u2013192.","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"key":"187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, D. D. R., Franks, D. W., Parr, C., & Robinson, E. J. H. (2020). Ant colony nest networks adapt to resource disruption. Journal of Animal Ecology, 90(1), 143\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13198"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru175","volume":"26","author":"G Cabanes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cabanes, G., van Wilgenburg, E., Beekman, M., & Latty, T. (2015). Ants build transportation networks that optimize cost and efficiency at the expense of robustness. Behavioral Ecology, 26(1), 223\u2013231.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1086\/283412","volume":"113","author":"CR Carroll","year":"1979","unstructured":"Carroll, C. R. (1979). A comparative study of two ant faunas: The stem-nesting ant communities of Liberia, West Africa and Costa Rica. Central America. The American Naturalist, 113(4), 551\u2013561.","journal-title":"Central America. The American Naturalist"},{"key":"187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, A., Gordon, D. M., & Navlakha, S. (2018). A distributed algorithm to maintain and repair the trail networks of arboreal ants. Scientific Reports, 8(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27160-3"},{"issue":"25","key":"187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0014","volume":"5","author":"EA Codling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Codling, E. A., Plank, M. J., & Benhamou, S. (2008). Random walk models in biology. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 5(25), 813\u2013834.","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-013-1665-8","volume":"68","author":"Z Cook","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cook, Z., Franks, D. W., & Robinson, E. J. H. (2014). Efficiency and robustness of ant colony transportation networks. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 68(3), 509\u2013517.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1155\/1963\/78162","volume":"70","author":"WS Creighton","year":"1963","unstructured":"Creighton, W. S. (1963). Further studies on the habits of Cryptocerus texanus Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, 70(3), 133\u2013143.","journal-title":"Psyche"},{"key":"187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creighton, W. S., & Gregg, R. E. (1954). Studies on the habits and distribution of Cryptocerus texanus Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 61(2):41\u201357.","DOI":"10.1155\/1954\/37696"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020627","volume":"60","author":"TJ Czaczkes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Czaczkes, T. J., Gr\u00fcter, C., & Ratnieks, F. L. (2015). Trail pheromones: An integrative view of their role in social insect colony organization. Annual Review of Entomology, 60(1), 581\u2013599.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01785.x","volume":"61","author":"DW Davidson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davidson, D. W. (1997). The role of resource imbalances in the evolutionary ecology of tropical arboreal ants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 61(2), 153\u2013181.","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2007.00728.x","volume":"90","author":"G Debout","year":"2007","unstructured":"Debout, G., Schatz, B., Elias, M., & Mckey, D. (2007). Polydomy in ants: What we know, what we think we know, and what remains to be done. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90(2), 319\u2013348.","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01417909","volume":"3","author":"JL Deneubourg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Deneubourg, J. L., Aron, S., Goss, S., & Pasteels, J. M. (1990). The self-organizing exploratory pattern of the Argentine ant. Journal of Insect Behavior, 3(2), 159\u2013168.","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2307\/1543477","volume":"202","author":"JL Deneubourg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deneubourg, J. L., Lioni, A., & Detrain, C. (2002). Dynamics of aggregation and emergence of cooperation. Biological Bulletin, 202(3), 262\u2013267.","journal-title":"Biological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2006.329691","volume":"1","author":"M Dorigo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., & Stutzle, T. (2006). Ant colony optimization. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 1(4), 28\u201339.","journal-title":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine"},{"issue":"6978","key":"187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02345","volume":"428","author":"A Dussutour","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dussutour, A., Fourcassi\u00e9, V., Helbing, D., & Deneubourg, J. L. (2004). Optimal traffic organization in ants under crowded conditions. Nature, 428(6978), 70\u201373.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138321","volume":"10","author":"S Ellis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis, S., & Robinson, E. J. H. (2015). The role of non-foraging nests in polydomous wood ant colonies. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0138321.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2749","volume":"7","author":"S Ellis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ellis, S., Franks, D. W., & Robinson, E. J. H. (2017). Ecological consequences of colony structure in dynamic ant nest networks. Ecology and Evolution, 7(4), 1170\u20131180.","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.01.001","volume":"229","author":"RZ Farahani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farahani, R. Z., Miandoabchi, E., Szeto, W. Y., & Rashidi, H. (2013). A review of urban transportation network design problems. European Journal of Operational Research, 229(2), 281\u2013302.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294977","volume":"22","author":"JH Fewell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fewell, J. H. (1988). Energetic and time costs of foraging in harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 22(6), 401\u2013408.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Font Llenas, A., Talamali, M. S., Xu, X., Marshall, J. A. R., & Reina, A. (2018). Quality-sensitive foraging by a robot swarm through virtual pheromone trails. In M. Dorigo, M. Birattari, C. Blum, A. L. Christensen, A. Reina, & V. Trianni (Eds.), Swarm Intelligence (Vol. 11172, pp. 135\u2013149). Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00533-7_11"},{"issue":"1427","key":"187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1066","volume":"357","author":"NR Franks","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franks, N. R., Pratt, S. C., Mallon, E. B., Britton, N. F., & Sumpter, D. J. T. (2002). Information flow, opinion polling and collective intelligence in house\u2013hunting social insects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 357(1427), 1567\u20131583.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.02.009","volume":"76","author":"NR Franks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Franks, N. R., Hardcastle, K. A., Collins, S., Smith, F. D., Sullivan, K. M. E., Robinson, E. J. H., & Sendova-Franks, A. B. (2008). Can ant colonies choose a far-and-away better nest over an in-the-way poor one? Animal Behaviour, 76(2), 323\u2013334.","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"8","key":"187_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-009-0741-6","volume":"63","author":"S Garnier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garnier, S., Gu\u00e9r\u00e9cheau, A., Combe, M., Fourcassi\u00e9, V., & Theraulaz, G. (2009). Path selection and foraging efficiency in Argentine ant transport networks. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63(8), 1167\u20131179.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"187_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050472","volume":"7","author":"DM Gordon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gordon, D. M. (2012). The dynamics of foraging trails in the tropical arboreal ant Cephalotes goniodontus. PLOS ONE, 7(11), e50472.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E156","DOI":"10.1086\/693418","volume":"190","author":"DM Gordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gordon, D. M. (2017). Local regulation of trail networks of the arboreal turtle ant,\u00a0Cephalotes goniodontus. The American Naturalist, 190(6), E156\u2013E169.","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"issue":"12","key":"187_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00462870","volume":"76","author":"S Goss","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goss, S., Aron, S., Deneubourg, J. L., & Pasteels, J. M. (1989). Self-organized shortcuts in the Argentine ant. Naturwissenschaften, 76(12), 579\u2013581.","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.023","volume":"198","author":"V Grimm","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grimm, V., Berger, U., Bastiansen, F., Eliassen, S., Ginot, V., Giske, J., et al. (2006). A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models. Ecological Modelling, 198(1), 115\u2013126.","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"23","key":"187_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.019","volume":"221","author":"V Grimm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grimm, V., Berger, U., DeAngelis, D. L., Polhill, J. G., Giske, J., & Railsback, S. F. (2010). The ODD protocol: A review and first update. Ecological Modelling, 221(23), 2760\u20132768.","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"187_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e616","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.616","volume":"2","author":"XA Harrison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harrison, X. A. (2014). Using observation-level random effects to model overdispersion in count data in ecology and evolution. PeerJ, 2, e616.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2006.00806.x","volume":"31","author":"NE Heller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heller, N. E., & Gordon, D. M. (2006). Seasonal spatial dynamics and causes of nest movement in colonies of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). Ecological Entomology, 31(5), 499\u2013510.","journal-title":"Ecological Entomology"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-003-0716-y","volume":"55","author":"R Jeanson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeanson, R., Deneubourg, J. L., Grimal, A., & Theraulaz, G. (2004). Modulation of individual behavior and collective decision-making during aggregation site selection by the ant Messor barbarus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55(4), 388\u2013394.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1086\/518570","volume":"170","author":"R Jeanson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jeanson, R., Deneubourg, J. L., Giraldeau, A. E. L. A., & Whitlock, E. M. C. (2007). Conspecific attraction and shelter selection in gregarious insects. The American Naturalist, 170(1), 47\u201358.","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"048704","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.048704","volume":"104","author":"E Katifori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katifori, E., Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si, G. J., & Magnasco, M. O. (2010). Damage and fluctuations induce loops in optimal transport networks. Physical Review Letters, 104(4), 048704.","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"8","key":"187_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2009)135:8(491)","volume":"135","author":"K Kepaptsoglou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kepaptsoglou, K., & Karlaftis, M. (2009). Transit route network design problem: Review. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 135(8), 491\u2013505.","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Engineering"},{"issue":"62","key":"187_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0612","volume":"8","author":"T Latty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Latty, T., Ramsch, K., Ito, K., Nakagaki, T., Sumpter, D. J. T., Middendorf, M., & Beekman, M. (2011). Structure and formation of ant transportation networks. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 8(62), 1298\u20131306.","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lecheval, V., Larson, H., Burns, D. D. R., Ellis, S., Powell, S., Donaldson-Matasci, M. C., & Robinson, E. J. H. (2021). From foraging trails to transport networks: how the quality-distance trade-off shapes network structure. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.0430.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.0430"},{"issue":"80","key":"187_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120864","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0864","volume":"10","author":"Q Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Johansson, A., Tero, A., Nakagaki, T., & Sumpter, D. J. T. (2013). Current-reinforced random walks for constructing transport networks. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 10(80), 20120864.","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2090141","volume":"41","author":"T Nakano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakano, T. (2011). Biologically inspired network systems: A review and future prospects. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), 41(5), 630\u2013643.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)"},{"issue":"7","key":"187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.9.7.1121","volume":"9","author":"T Nelson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nelson, T., & Dengler, N. (1997). Leaf vascular pattern formation. The Plant Cell, 9(7), 1121\u20131135.","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"187_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberhauser, F. B., Middleton, E. J. T., Latty, T., & Czaczkes, T. J. (2019). Meat ants cut more trail shortcuts when facing long detours. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(21).","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205773"},{"issue":"100","key":"187_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0334","volume":"11","author":"A Perna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perna, A., & Latty, T. (2014). Animal transportation networks. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 11(100), 20140334.","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1496","volume":"15","author":"SM Philpott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Philpott, S. M., & Foster, P. F. (2005). Nest-site limitation in coffee agroecosystems: Artificial nests maintain diversity of arboreal ants. Ecological Applications, 15(4), 1478\u20131485.","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01436.x","volume":"22","author":"S Powell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Powell, S. (2008). Ecological specialization and the evolution of a specialized caste in Cephalotes ants. Functional Ecology, 22(5), 902\u2013911.","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01710.x","volume":"22","author":"S Powell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Powell, S. (2009). How ecology shapes caste evolution: Linking resource use, morphology, performance and fitness in a superorganism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22(5), 1004\u20131013.","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.10.020","volume":"85","author":"S Powell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Powell, S., & Dornhaus, A. (2013). Soldier-based defences dynamically track resource availability and quality in ants. Animal Behaviour, 85(1), 157\u2013164.","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01779.x","volume":"80","author":"S Powell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Powell, S., Costa, A. N., Lopes, C. T., & Vasconcelos, H. L. (2011). Canopy connectivity and the availability of diverse nesting resources affect species coexistence in arboreal ants. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80(2), 352\u2013360.","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"187_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12926","volume":"31","author":"S Powell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powell, S., Donaldson-Matasci, M., Woodrow-Tomizuka, A., & Dornhaus, A. (2017). Context-dependent defences in turtle ants: Resource defensibility and threat level induce dynamic shifts in soldier deployment. Functional Ecology, 31(12), 2287\u20132298.","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"187_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913750117","volume":"117","author":"S Powell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Powell, S., Price, S. L., & Kronauer, D. J. C. (2020). Trait evolution is reversible, repeatable, and decoupled in the soldier caste of turtle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(12), 6608\u20136615.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ari020","volume":"16","author":"SC Pratt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pratt, S. C. (2005). Quorum sensing by encounter rates in the ant Temnothorax albipennis. Behavioral Ecology, 16(2), 488\u2013496.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"key":"187_CR57","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"issue":"9","key":"187_CR58","first-page":"1546","volume":"216","author":"CR Reid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reid, C. R., & Beekman, M. (2013). Solving the Towers of Hanoi: How an amoeboid organism efficiently constructs transport networks. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(9), 1546\u20131551.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175101","volume":"28","author":"TD Seeley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Seeley, T. D., Camazine, S., & Sneyd, J. (1991). Collective decision-making in honey bees: How colonies choose among nectar sources. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 28(4), 277\u2013290.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"1780","key":"187_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20133108","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3108","volume":"281","author":"N Stroeymeyt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stroeymeyt, N., Jordan, C., Mayer, G., Hovsepian, S., Giurfa, M., & Franks, N. R. (2014). Seasonality in communication and collective decision-making in ants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1780), 20133108.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1518","key":"187_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0204","volume":"364","author":"DJ Sumpter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sumpter, D. J., & Pratt, S. C. (2009). Quorum responses and consensus decision making. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1518), 743\u2013753.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-019-00176-9","volume":"14","author":"MS Talamali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talamali, M. S., Bose, T., Haire, M., Xu, X., Marshall, J. A. R., & Reina, A. (2020). Sophisticated collective foraging with minimalist agents: A swarm robotics test. Swarm Intelligence, 14(1), 25\u201356.","journal-title":"Swarm Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2008.03.002","volume":"16","author":"D Teodorovi\u0107","year":"2008","unstructured":"Teodorovi\u0107, D. (2008). Swarm intelligence systems for transportation engineering: Principles and applications. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 16(6), 651\u2013667.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"5964","key":"187_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177894","volume":"327","author":"A Tero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tero, A., Takagi, S., Saigusa, T., Ito, K., Bebber, D. P., Flicker, M. D., et al. (2010). Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design. Science, 327(5964), 439\u2013442.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(76)80043-7","volume":"24","author":"EO Wilson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wilson, E. O. (1976). A social ethogram of the neotropical arboreal ant Zacryptocerus varians (Fr. Smith). Animal Behaviour, 24(2), 354\u2013363.","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Swarm Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11721-021-00187-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11721-021-00187-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11721-021-00187-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:50:34Z","timestamp":1675212634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11721-021-00187-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11721-021-00187-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-3812","1935-3820"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1935-3812"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1935-3820"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The data and analyses for the laboratory experiments is available at  upon publication. Those for the computational simulations is available at .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Code for the model is available at .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}