{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:28:03Z","timestamp":1775230083773,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1804148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1804148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1804148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1804148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1804148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1804148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIViP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-025-04428-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T17:47:05Z","timestamp":1752601625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Millimeter-wave radar-enabled multi-user beamforming optimization for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4428_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3047474","volume":"69","author":"L You","year":"2021","unstructured":"You, L., Xiong, J., Ng, D.W.K., Yuen, C., Wang, W., Gao, X.: Energy efficiency and spectral efficiency tradeoff in RIS-aided multiuser MIMO uplink transmission. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 69, 1407\u20131421 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"11","key":"4428_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007211","volume":"38","author":"M Di Renzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Renzo, M., et al.: Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: how it works, state of research, and the road ahead. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 38(11), 2450\u20132525 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"4428_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116753","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935192","volume":"7","author":"E Basar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basar, E., Di Renzo, M., De Rosny, J., Debbah, M., Alouini, M.-S., Zhang, R.: Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Access 7, 116753\u2013116773 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"4428_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051897","volume":"69","author":"Q Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Zhang, S., Zheng, B., You, C., Zhang, R.: Intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications: a tutorial. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(5), 3313\u20133351 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"4428_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900107","volume":"58","author":"Q Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Zhang, R.: Towards smart and reconfigurable environment: intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless network. IEEE Commun. Mag. 58(1), 106\u2013112 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"4428_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Zhang, R.: Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless network: joint active and passive beamforming design. In: 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1\u20136. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647620"},{"issue":"1","key":"4428_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3277334","volume":"23","author":"T Ang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ang, T., Mao, S.: Joint beamforming design in reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted rate splitting networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 23(1), 263\u2013275 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"4428_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000835","volume":"38","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C., et al.: Reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted multiuser MISO systems exploiting deep reinforcement learning. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 38(8), 1839\u20131850 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"4428_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idrees, S., et al.: Deep learning based passive beamforming for IRS-assisted monostatic backscatter systems. In: ICASSP 2022\u2014IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 8652\u20138656. (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746747"},{"key":"4428_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., et al.: Robust beamforming for RIS-assisted NOMA systems with CSI imperfection and low-resolution phase shifters. In: 2023 6th International Conference on Information Communication and Signal Processing (ICICSP), pp. 654\u2013658. (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICSP59554.2023.10390794"},{"issue":"6","key":"4428_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156632","volume":"40","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, F., et al.: Integrated sensing and communications: toward dual-functional wireless networks for 6G and beyond. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 40(6), 1728\u20131767 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"4428_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3451480","volume":"74","author":"J Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh, J., Gupta, A., Jagannatham, A.K., Hanzo, L.: Multi-beam object-localization for millimeter-wave ISAC-aided connected autonomous vehicles. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 74(1), 1725\u20131729 (2025)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"4428_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasobh Sankar, R.S., et al.: Joint communication and radar sensing with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. In: 2021 IEEE 22nd International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Lucca, Italy, pp. 471\u2013475 (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC51858.2021.9593143"},{"key":"4428_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Naveen, B., Srivastava, S., Jagannatham, A.K., Hanzo, L.: Pareto optimal hybrid beamforming for short-packet millimeter-wave integrated sensing and communication. IEEE Trans. Commun. (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3511704"},{"issue":"11","key":"4428_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7345","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3250263","volume":"22","author":"A Bazzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bazzi, A., Chafii, M.: On integrated sensing and communication waveforms with tunable PAPR. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 22(11), 7345\u20137360 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"4428_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3531533","volume":"43","author":"A Bazzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bazzi, A., Chafii, M.: Low dynamic range for RIS-aided bistatic integrated sensing and communication. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 43(3), 912\u2013927 (2025)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"4428_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3122519","volume":"24","author":"JA Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J.A., et al.: Enabling joint communication and radar sensing in mobile networks\u2014a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 24(1), 306\u2013345 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"4","key":"4428_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051682","volume":"69","author":"H Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du, H., Zhang, J., Cheng, J., Ai, B.: Millimeter wave communications with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: performance analysis and optimization. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(4), 2752\u20132768 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"4428_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, S., Parikh, N., Chu, E., Peleato, B., Eckstein, J.: Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers. Now Publishers (2011).","DOI":"10.1561\/9781601984616"},{"key":"4428_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., et al.: Maximizing geometric mean rate in RIS-assisted integrated sensing and communication systems. In: 2025 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 1\u20136. (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC61545.2025.10978408"},{"key":"4428_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Naveen, B., Srivastava, S., Jagannatham, A. K., Hanzo, L.: Pareto-optimal hybrid beamforming for finite-blocklength millimeter-wave systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3534021"},{"issue":"1","key":"4428_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3415620","volume":"11","author":"J Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh, J., Srivastava, S., Yadav, S.P., Jagannatham, A.K., Hanzo, L.: Joint hybrid transceiver and reflection matrix design for RIS-aided mmWave MIMO cognitive radio systems. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw. 11(1), 391\u2013407 (2025)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"8","key":"4428_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000813","volume":"38","author":"B Di","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di, B., Zhang, H., Song, L., Li, Y., Han, Z., Poor, H.V.: Hybrid beamforming for reconfigurable intelligent surface based multi-user communications: achievable rates with limited discrete phase shifts. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 38(8), 1809\u20131822 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."}],"container-title":["Signal, Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04428-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04428-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04428-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T11:18:08Z","timestamp":1757243888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04428-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["4428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04428-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1703","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-1711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"883"}}