{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:33:19Z","timestamp":1767990799949,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52375114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52375114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52375114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52375114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52375114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52375114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIViP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-025-04490-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:23:26Z","timestamp":1751876606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CTS-YOLO: Real-Time Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLO11 in Complex Traffic Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xingcheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keya","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, B., Iandola, F., Jin, P.H., Keutzer, K.: Squeezedet: Unified, small, low power fully convolutional neural networks for real-time object detection for autonomous driving. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, 129\u2013137 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.60"},{"key":"4490_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-19087-x","volume":"83","author":"AK Tiwari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiwari, A.K., Pattanaik, M., Sharma, G.K.: Low-light detection transformer (ldetr): object detection in low-light and adverse weather conditions. Multimedia Tools and Applications 83, 84231\u201384248 (2024)","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"4490_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloufi, N., Alnori, A., Basuhail, A.: Enhancing autonomous vehicle perception in adverse weather: A multi objectives model for integrated weather classification and object detection. Electronics 13(3063) (2024)","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13153063"},{"issue":"2","key":"4490_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020349","volume":"20","author":"Z Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Z., et al.: Analysis of the influence of foggy weather environment on the detection effect of machine vision obstacles. Sensors 20(2), 349 (2020)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"4490_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26862","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3258626","volume":"11","author":"Y Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Shin, J.: Robust object detection against multi-type corruption without catastrophic forgetting during adversarial training under harsh autonomous-driving environments. IEEE Access 11, 26862\u201326876 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3258626","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4490_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., Malik, J.: Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 580\u2013587 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"4490_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., Farhadi, A.: You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 779\u2013788 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"4490_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Farhadi, A.: Yolo9000: better, faster, stronger. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 7263\u20137271 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"4490_CR9","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Farhadi, A.: YOLOv3: an incremental improvement (2018)"},{"key":"4490_CR10","unstructured":"Bochkovskiy, A., Wang, C.Y., Liao, H.Y.M.: YOLOv4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection (2020)"},{"key":"4490_CR11","unstructured":"Jocher, G., Stoken, A., Borovec, J., Changyu, L., Hogan, A., Diaconu, L., Poznanski, J., Yu, L., Rai, P., Ferriday, R.: Ultralytics\/yolov5: v3. 0. Zenodo (2020)"},{"key":"4490_CR12","unstructured":"Li, C., Li, L., Jiang, H., Weng, K., Geng, Y., Li, L., Ke, Z., Li, Q., Cheng, M., Nie, W., Li, Y., Zhang, B., Liang, Y., Zhou, L., Xu, X., Chu, X., Wei, X., Wei, Y.: YOLOv6: A single-stage object detection framework for industrial applications (2022)"},{"key":"4490_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.Y., Bochkovskiy, A., Liao, H.Y.M.: Yolov7: trainable bag-of-freebies sets new state-of-the-art for real-time object detectors. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 7464\u20137475 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00721"},{"key":"4490_CR14","unstructured":"Jocher, G., Chaurasia, A., Qiu, J.: YOLO by Ultralytics. Ultralytics (2023)"},{"key":"4490_CR15","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2","volume-title":"Computer Vision - ECCV 2016","author":"W Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.Y., Berg, A.C.: Ssd: single shot multibox detector. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) Computer Vision - ECCV 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9905, pp. 21\u201337. Springer, Cham (2016)"},{"key":"4490_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Doll\u00e1r, P.: Focal loss for dense object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2980\u20132988 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"4490_CR17","unstructured":"Khanam, R., Hussain, M.: Yolov11: An overview of the key architectural enhancements. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.17725 (2024)"},{"key":"4490_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, F., Chen, H., Wang, X., Xian, W., Chen, Y., Liu, F., Madhavan, V., Darrell, T.: Bdd100k: a diverse driving dataset for heterogeneous multitask learning. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2636\u20132645 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00271"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"4490_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913491297","volume":"32","author":"A Geiger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geiger, A., Lenz, P., Stiller, C., Urtasun, R.: Vision meets robotics: the kitti dataset. International Journal of Robotics Research 32(11\u201312), 1231\u20131237 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364913491297","journal-title":"International Journal of Robotics Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4490_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2023.034876","volume":"75","author":"P Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Deng, H., Chen, Z.: Rt-yolo: A residual feature fusion triple attention network for aerial image target detection. Computational Materials and Continua 75(1), 1411\u20131430 (2023)","journal-title":"Computational Materials and Continua"},{"issue":"12","key":"4490_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"71","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, Y., He, Y., Cai, Y., Chen, L., Li, Y., Sotelo, M.A., Li, Z.: Yolov5-fog: A multiobjective visual detection algorithm for fog driving scenes based on improved yolov5. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 71(12), 1\u201312 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"},{"key":"4490_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136280","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3453298","volume":"12","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, Y., Yu, D., Yuan, Z.: Yolov8-fdd: A real-time vehicle detection method based on improved yolov8. IEEE Access 12, 136280\u2013136296 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4490_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143745","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3471690","volume":"12","author":"P Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, P., Jia, Y.S., Zeng, W.X., Wei, P.: Cdf-yolov8: City recognition system based on improved yolov8. IEEE Access 12, 143745\u2013143753 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"4490_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84938-4","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, J., Gao, J., Zhang, B.: A small object detection model in aerial images based on cpdd-yolov8. Scientific Reports 15(1), 770 (2025)","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"4490_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12261","volume":"8","author":"AA Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, A.A., Madendran, R.K., Thirunavukkarasu, U., et al.: D2pam: Epileptic seizures prediction using adversarial deep dual patch attention mechanism. CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 8(3), 755\u2013769 (2023)","journal-title":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology"},{"key":"4490_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3357723","volume":"32","author":"AA Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan, A.A., Mahendran, R.K., Perumal, K., et al.: Dual-3dm3ad: Mixed transformer based semantic segmentation and triplet pre-processing for early multi-class alzheimer\u2019s diagnosis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 32, 696\u2013707 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"15","key":"4490_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11152343","volume":"11","author":"A Jawaharlalnehru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jawaharlalnehru, A., Sambandham, T., Sekar, V., et al.: Target object detection from unmanned aerial vehicle (uav) images based on improved yolo algorithm. Electronics 11(15), 2343 (2022)","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"19","key":"4490_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193105","volume":"11","author":"AA Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, A.A., Nauman, M.A., Shoaib, M., et al.: Crowd anomaly detection in video frames using fine-tuned alexnet model. Electronics 11(19), 3105 (2022)","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"4490_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.105234","volume":"150","author":"JN Cheltha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheltha, J.N., Sharma, C., Prashar, D., et al.: Enhanced human motion detection with hybrid rda-woa-based rnn and multiple hypothesis tracking for occlusion handling. Image and Vision Computing 150, 105234 (2024)","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"11","key":"4490_CR30","first-page":"13467","volume":"45","author":"G Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Yuan, X., Yao, X., et al.: Towards large-scale small object detection: Survey and benchmarks. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 45(11), 13467\u201313488 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"4490_CR31","unstructured":"Zhu, P., Wen, L., Bian, X., et al.: Vision meets drones: A challenge. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.07437 (2018)"},{"key":"4490_CR32","unstructured":"Nidhal, J., Koh, C.Y., Abdelatti, M., Hendawi, A.M.: Evaluating the evolution of YOLO (You Only Look Once) models: A comprehensive benchmark study of YOLO11 and its predecessors. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.00201 (2024)"},{"key":"4490_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, D., He, S., Zhang, G., et al.: Efficient multi-scale attention module with cross-spatial learning. In: ICASSP 2023-2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 1\u20135 (2023). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10096516"},{"key":"4490_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandler, M., Howard, A., Zhu, M., et al.: Mobilenetv2: Inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 4510\u20134520 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"4490_CR35","unstructured":"Narayanan, M.: SENetV2: Aggregated dense layer for channelwise and global representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.10807 (2023)"},{"key":"4490_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, S., Chen, L.C., Yuille, A.: Detectors: Detecting objects with recursive feature pyramid and switchable atrous convolution. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 10213\u201310224 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01008"},{"issue":"8","key":"4490_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8574","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3095305","volume":"52","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Wang, P., Ren, D., et al.: Enhancing geometric factors in model learning and inference for object detection and instance segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 52(8), 8574\u20138586 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics"},{"key":"4490_CR38","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, S.: Shape-iou: More accurate metric considering bounding box shape and scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.17663 (2023)"},{"key":"4490_CR39","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Xu, C., Zhang, S.: Inner-iou: More effective intersection over union loss with auxiliary bounding box. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.02877 (2023)"},{"key":"4490_CR40","unstructured":"Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., et al.: Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (2015)"},{"key":"4490_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Lv, W., Xu, S., et al.: Detrs beat yolos on real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 16965\u201316974 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01605"},{"key":"4490_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Khosla, A., Lapedriza, A., et al.: Learning deep features for discriminative localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2921\u20132929 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.319"},{"key":"4490_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvaraju, R.R., Cogswell, M., Das, A., et al.: Grad-cam: Visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 618\u2013626 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74"}],"container-title":["Signal, Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04490-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04490-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04490-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T01:16:19Z","timestamp":1757207779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04490-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11760-025-04490-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1703","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-1711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"850"}}