{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:29:13Z","timestamp":1767421753444,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIViP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-025-05029-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T19:02:18Z","timestamp":1765652538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Semi-supervised radar interference recognition based on deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yihan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qianrong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"5029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17071218","volume":"17","author":"Yu Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan, Yu., Xie, D., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Huang, Z.: Overview of radar jamming waveform design. Remote Sensing 17(7), 1218 (2025)","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"5029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Dong, W., Fu, Q., Song, Z.: Radar jamming classification and recognition technology based on deep learning. In International Conference on Signal Image Processing and Communication (ICSIPC 2021), volume 11848, pages 201\u2013207. SPIE, 2021","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2600396"},{"issue":"8","key":"5029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081325","volume":"16","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, H., Chen, H., Lei, Z., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhang, J., Wang, Y.: Compound jamming recognition based on a dual-channel neural network and feature fusion. Remote Sensing 16(8), 1325 (2024)","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"7","key":"5029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072124","volume":"25","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, P., Yang, J., Lin, J.: Radar compound jamming recognition based on image segmentation and fused attention residual network. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 25(7), 2124 (2025)","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"5029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2023.109246","volume":"214","author":"H Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Wang, L., Ma, M., Guo, Z.: Compound radar jamming recognition based on signal source separation. Signal Process. 214, 109246 (2024)","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"9","key":"5029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8934","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2022.3220219","volume":"35","author":"X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, X., Song, Z., King, I., Zenglin, X.: A survey on deep semi-supervised learning. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 35(9), 8934\u20138954 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"5029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwae133","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwae133","volume":"11","author":"F Yao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yao, F.: A learning theory of meta learning. National Science Review 11(8), nwae133 (2024)","journal-title":"National Science Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"5029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3004555","volume":"109","author":"F Zhuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuang, F., Qi, Z., Duan, K., Xi, D., Zhu, Y., Zhu, H., Xiong, H., He, Q.: A comprehensive survey on transfer learning. Proc. IEEE 109(1), 43\u201376 (2020)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"5029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, G., Wang, Z., Liu, H.: A cross-modality contrastive learning method for radar jamming recognition. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2025","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2025.3554858"},{"key":"5029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2024.104568","volume":"151","author":"Y Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, F.: Lpi radar waveform recognition based on semi-supervised model all mean teacher. Digital Signal Processing 151, 104568 (2024)","journal-title":"Digital Signal Processing"},{"issue":"2","key":"5029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16020038","volume":"16","author":"M Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, M., Liu, S., Wang, S., Shi, S.: Refined semi-supervised modulation classification: Integrating consistency regularization and pseudo-labeling techniques. Future Internet 16(2), 38 (2024)","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3067916","volume":"7","author":"Y Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Jiang, X., Cheng, L., Shi, Q.: Ssrcnn: A semi-supervised learning framework for signal recognition. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 7(3), 780\u2013789 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"9","key":"5029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5823","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3385921","volume":"72","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhou, F., Qihui, W., Al-Dhahir, N.: Sswsrnet: A semi-supervised few-shot learning framework for wireless signal recognition. IEEE Trans. Commun. 72(9), 5823\u20135836 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"5029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Liu, T., Chen, H., Xu, G.: A signal-understanding semi-supervised learning framework for signal recognition. IEEE Communications Letters, 2024","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2024.3488195"},{"key":"5029_CR15","unstructured":"Tarvainen, A., Valpola, H.: Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning results. Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017"},{"key":"5029_CR16","unstructured":"Morales-Brotons, D., Vogels, T., Hendrikx, H.: Exponential moving average of weights in deep learning: Dynamics and benefits. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.18704, 2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"5029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12561","volume":"18","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Zhang, R., Xiangzhen, Yu., Jiang, Y.: Open-set recognition of compound jamming signal based on multi-task multi-label learning. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 18(8), 1235\u20131246 (2024)","journal-title":"IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation"},{"key":"5029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, D., Leichner, C., Delakis, M., Fornoni, M., Luo, S., Yang, F., Wang, W., Banbury, C., Ye, C., Akin, B., et\u00a0al.: Mobilenetv4: Universal models for the mobile ecosystem. In European Conference on Computer Vision, pages 78\u201396. Springer, 2024","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73661-2_5"},{"key":"5029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, S., Park, J., Lee, J.-Y., Kweon, I.S.: Cbam: Convolutional block attention module. In Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pages 3\u201319, 2018","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_1"},{"key":"5029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wen, Y., He, L: Scconv: Spatial and channel reconstruction convolution for feature redundancy. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pages 6153\u20136162, 2023","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00596"},{"key":"5029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Jiang, Z., Lu, Q., iHan, J., Zeng, Z., Gao, S-H., Men, A: Split to be slim: An overlooked redundancy in vanilla convolution. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.12085, 2020","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/442"},{"key":"5029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3093795","volume":"30","author":"J Qiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Chen, C., Liu, S., Zhang, H.-Y., Zeng, B.: Slimconv: Reducing channel redundancy in convolutional neural networks by features recombining. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 6434\u20136445 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"5029_CR23","unstructured":"Sohn, K., Berthelot, D., Carlini, N., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Raffel, C.A., Cubuk, E.D., Kurakin, A., Li, C.-L.: Fixmatch : Simplifying semi-supervised learning with consistency and confidence. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 33, 596\u2013608 (2020)"},{"key":"5029_CR24","first-page":"18408","volume":"34","author":"B Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Wang, Y., Hou, W., Hao, W., Wang, J., Okumura, M., Shinozaki, T.: Flexmatch: Boosting semi-supervised learning with curriculum pseudo labeling. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 34, 18408\u201318419 (2021)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"5029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3319530","volume":"10","author":"Y Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zhong, D., Sun, H., Jiang, Z., Ye, L., Deng, Z., Liu, H.: Semiamr: Semi-supervised automatic modulation recognition with corrected pseudo-label and consistency regularization. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 10(1), 107\u2013121 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"}],"container-title":["Signal, Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-025-05029-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11760-025-05029-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-025-05029-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1767421432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11760-025-05029-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11760-025-05029-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1863-1703"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1863-1711"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"1436"}}