{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T22:54:24Z","timestamp":1774220064599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIViP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-026-05166-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:24:25Z","timestamp":1773037465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HF-YOLO: A Model for High Frequency Signal Detection and Recognition in Wideband"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Libin","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"5166_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2018.8456447","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, J., Ding, G., Wang, H.: HF communications: Past, present, and future. China Communications 15(9), 1\u20139 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CC.2018.8456447","journal-title":"China Communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"5166_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.01.026","volume":"69","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J., Shi, Y., Yang, C., Feng, F.: A review and prospects of operational frequency selecting techniques for hf radio communication. Adv. Space Res. 69(8), 2989\u20132999 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asr.2022.01.026","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"5166_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6316776","volume":"50","author":"M Uysal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uysal, M., Heidarpour, M.R.: Cooperative communication techniques for future-generation HF radios. IEEE Commun. Mag. 50(10), 56\u201363 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6316776","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"5166_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dearlove, C.M., Wright, P.G.: Rapid HF waveform identification. In: IEE Colloquium on Frequency Selection and Management Techniques for HF Communications, pp. 10\u20131105 (1999). DOI: 10.1049\/ic:19990077","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:19990077"},{"key":"5166_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giesbrecht, J.E.: Entropic distance for automatic modulation recognition of HF signals. In: The Institution of Engineering and Technology 11th International Conference on Ionospheric Radio Systems and Techniques (IRST 2009), pp. 1\u20135 (2009). DOI: 10.1049\/cp.2009.0055","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2009.0055"},{"key":"5166_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezruk, V., Ivanenko, S., Fedorov, O., N\u011bmec, Z., Pidani\u010d, J.: Detection and recognition of signals in HF radio monitoring. In: 2019 29th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA), pp. 1\u20135 (2019). DOI: 10.1109\/RADIOELEK.2019.8733445","DOI":"10.1109\/RADIOELEK.2019.8733445"},{"key":"5166_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Wang, K., You, L., Huang, Z.: A new deep learning framework for HF signal detection in wideband spectrogram. IEEE Signal Processing Letters 29, 1342\u20131346 (2022) 10.1109\/LSP.2022.3179958","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2022.3179958"},{"key":"5166_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., Farhadi, A.: You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 779\u2013788 (2016). DOI: 10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"5166_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea, T., Roy, T., Clancy, T.C.: Learning robust general radio signal detection using computer vision methods. In: 2017 51st Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, pp. 829\u2013832 (2017). DOI: 10.1109\/ACSSC.2017.8335463","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2017.8335463"},{"key":"5166_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Hu, J., Li, S., Chen, S., He, P.: Blind detection of communication signals based on improved YOLO3. In: 2021 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP), pp. 424\u2013429 (2021). DOI: 10.1109\/ICSP51882.2021.9408998","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSP51882.2021.9408998"},{"key":"5166_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zha, X., Peng, H., Qin, X., Li, G., Yang, S.: A deep learning framework for signal detection and modulation classification. Sensors 19(18) (2019) 10.3390\/s19184042","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184042"},{"key":"5166_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, K.N.R.S.V., D\u2019souza, K.B., Bhargava, V.K.: A downscaled Faster-RCNN framework for signal detection and time-frequency localization in wideband RF systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19(7), 4847\u20134862 (2020) 10.1109\/TWC.2020.2987990","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2987990"},{"key":"5166_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Li, J.-Q., Wang, J., Wang, H.: FCN-Based carrier signal detection in broadband power spectrum. IEEE Access 8, 113042\u2013113051 (2020) 10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3003683","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3003683"},{"key":"5166_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, M., Zhang, X., Tian, Y., Huang, Y.: Multi-signal detection framework: A deep learning based carrier frequency and bandwidth estimation. Sensors 22(10) (2022) 10.3390\/s22103909","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103909"},{"key":"5166_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Savvaris, A., Tsourdos, A., Alawadi, T.: High-frequency band automatic mode recognition using deep learning. In: 2018 IEEE\/AIAA 37th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), pp. 1\u20135 (2018). DOI: 10.1109\/DASC.2018.8569367","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2018.8569367"},{"key":"5166_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Sun, Z., Wei, Z., Jia, K.: DeepMorse: A deep convolutional learning method for blind Morse signal detection in wideband wireless spectrum. IEEE Access 7, 80577\u201380587 (2019) 10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923084","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923084"},{"key":"5166_CR17","unstructured":"Jocher, G., Chaurasia, A., Qiu, J.: Ultralytics YOLOv8. https:\/\/github.com\/ultralytics\/ultralytics."},{"key":"5166_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., Rabinovich, A.: Going deeper with convolutions. In: 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1\u20139 (2015). DOI: 10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"5166_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Song, Q., Ni, Z., Nicolson, A., Li, H.: Time-frequency attention for monaural speech enhancement. In: ICASSP 2022\u20132022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 7852\u20137856 (2022). DOI: 10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746454","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746454"},{"key":"5166_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-F., Ren, W., Zhang, Z., Jia, Z., Wang, L., Tan, T.: Focal and efficient IOU loss for accurate bounding box regression. Neurocomputing 506, 146\u2013157 (2022) 10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.07.042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.07.042"},{"key":"5166_CR21","unstructured":"US Department of Defense: MIL-STD-188-141A. Military Standard Interoperability and Performance Standards for Medium and High Frequency Radio Equipment (1988)"},{"key":"5166_CR22","unstructured":"US Department of Defense: MIL-STD-188-203-1A. Military Standard for Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL-A) (1988)"},{"key":"5166_CR23","unstructured":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization: STANAG 4285. Characteristics of 1200\/2400\/3600 Bits Per Second Single Tone Modulators\/Demodulators for HF Radio Links (1989)"},{"key":"5166_CR24","unstructured":"diario SWL I-56578 Antonio: CIS-75 FSK 75Bd\/250. https:\/\/i56578-swl.blogspot.com\/search\/label\/CIS-75, accessed 14 August 2025. https:\/\/i56578-swl.blogspot.com\/search\/label\/CIS-75"},{"key":"5166_CR25","unstructured":"SigidWiki: CIS MFSK-16 XPB. https:\/\/www.sigidwiki.com\/wiki\/CIS_MFSK-16_XPB, accessed 14 August 2025. https:\/\/www.sigidwiki.com\/wiki\/CIS_MFSK-16_XPB"},{"key":"5166_CR26","unstructured":"Airlines Electronic Engineer Committee: HF Data Link Protocols ARINC Specification 635\u20134. Aeronautical Radio Inc, (2003). Aeronautical Radio Inc"},{"issue":"6","key":"5166_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1970.1090438","volume":"18","author":"C Watterson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Watterson, C., Juroshek, J., Bensema, W.: Experimental Confirmation of an HF Channel Model. IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol. 18(6), 792\u2013803 (1970). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOM.1970.1090438","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"5166_CR28","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union: Testing of HF Modems with Bandwidths of up to About 12 kHz Using Ionospheric Channel Simulators. (2000). International Telecommunication Union. Recommendation ITU-R F.1487"},{"key":"5166_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2","volume-title":"Computer Vision - ECCV 2016","author":"W Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.-Y., Berg, A.C.: SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) Computer Vision - ECCV 2016, pp. 21\u201337. Springer, Cham (2016)"},{"key":"5166_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Lv, W., Xu, S., Wei, J., Wang, G., Dang, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, J.: DETRs Beat YOLOs on Real-time Object Detection. In: 2024 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 16965\u201316974 (2024). DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01605","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01605"},{"key":"5166_CR31","unstructured":"Jocher, G.: Ultralytics YOLOv5. DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.3908559. https:\/\/github.com\/ultralytics\/yolov5."},{"key":"5166_CR32","unstructured":"Jocher, G., Qiu, J.: Ultralytics YOLO11. https:\/\/github.com\/ultralytics\/ultralytics."}],"container-title":["Signal, Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-026-05166-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11760-026-05166-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11760-026-05166-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T22:16:02Z","timestamp":1774217762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11760-026-05166-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["5166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11760-026-05166-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1703","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-1711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"138"}}