{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:32:15Z","timestamp":1772119935862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Log. Univers."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00383-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T13:54:54Z","timestamp":1761227694000},"page":"237-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["What is Money?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Beziau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Flaw\u00ea","family":"de Lara Bone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Suwailem, S.: \u201cMoney, Time, and Information: Inspirations from G\u00f6del, Tarski, and Chaitin\u201d, Logica Universalis, 19(2-3), (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00378-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00378-2"},{"key":"383_CR2","volume-title":"Le Rire - Essai sur la signification du comique","author":"H Bergson","year":"1900","unstructured":"Bergson, H.: Le Rire - Essai sur la signification du comique. F\u00e9lix Alcan, Paris (1900)"},{"key":"383_CR3","first-page":"218","volume":"10","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: New light on the square of oppositions and its nameless corner. Logical Investigations 10, 218\u2013232 (2003)","journal-title":"Logical Investigations"},{"key":"383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: \u201cThe new rising of the square of opposition\u201d, In B\u00e9ziau, J.-Y., Jacquette, D. (eds), Around and Beyond the Square of Opposition, Birkh\u00e4user, Basel, pp.6-24 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0379-3"},{"key":"383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-012-0046-9","volume":"6","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: The power of the hexagon. Log. Univers. 6, 1\u201343 (2012)","journal-title":"Log. Univers."},{"key":"383_CR6","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.:\u201cLa puissance du symbole\u201d, In: B\u00e9ziau, J.-Y.: (ed), in La Pointure du Symbole, Petra, Paris, pp.9-34 (2014)"},{"issue":"40","key":"383_CR7","first-page":"59","volume":"23","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Possibility, imagination and conception. Principios 23(40), 59\u201395 (2016)","journal-title":"Principios"},{"key":"383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-016-0151-2","volume":"10","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Disentangling Contradiction from Contrariety via Incompatibility. Log. Univers. 10, 157\u2013170 (2016)","journal-title":"Log. Univers."},{"key":"383_CR9","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Representation and Reality: Humans","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Being aware of rational animals. In: Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Giovagnoli, R. (eds.) Representation and Reality: Humans, pp. 319\u2013331. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Animals and Machines (2017)"},{"key":"383_CR10","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: The Pyramid of Meaning, In: Ceuppens, J., Smessaert, H., van Craenenbroeck, J., Vanden, G. Wyngaerd (eds), A Coat of Many Colours - D60, Brussels, (2018)"},{"key":"383_CR11","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Dice: a hazardous symbol for chance?, in Logic, Intelligence and Artifices: Tributes to Tarc\u00edsio H","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Dice: a hazardous symbol for chance?, in Logic, Intelligence and Artifices: Tributes to Tarc\u00edsio H, pp. 365\u2013385. College Publication, London, C. Pequeno (2018)"},{"key":"383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2017.12.004","volume":"94","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: An Analogical Hexagon. Int. J. Approximate Reasoning 94, 1\u201317 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risoto, J.-Y.Beziau: et Rosita au Pays du Rire - A Comic Trip for the Few Happy Francophones, Tr\u00e1gica, v.12, n.2, p.125-149 (2019)","DOI":"10.59488\/tragica.v12i2.27326"},{"key":"383_CR14","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Arbitrariness Symbolic Key, In: The arbitrariness of the sign in question - Proceedings of a CLG100 Workshop, Geneva, January 10-12, 2017, College Publications, London, pp.423-448 (2019)"},{"key":"383_CR15","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Cats that are not cats, In: Gabbay, Dov, Magnani, Lorenzo, Park, Woosuk, Veikko, Ahti Pietarinen (eds), Natural Arguments - A Tribute to John Woods, College Publications, London, pp.49-71 (2019)"},{"key":"383_CR16","first-page":"122","volume-title":"A True Polymath - A Tribute to Francisco Antonio Doria","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: What is an axiom? In: da Barros, A., Krause, D. (eds.) A True Polymath - A Tribute to Francisco Antonio Doria, pp. 122\u2013142. College Publications, London (2020)"},{"key":"383_CR17","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Imaging Philosophical Discourse. Polish Journal of Aesthetics 62(3), (2021)"},{"key":"383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2024.05.003","volume-title":"The Neurophysiology of Silence (C) Creativity Aesthetic Experience and Time, Progress in Brain Research","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: The logic of Silence. In: Dotan Ben-Soussan, T., Glicksohn, J., Srinivasan, N. (eds.) The Neurophysiology of Silence (C) Creativity Aesthetic Experience and Time, Progress in Brain Research, vol. 287, pp. 111\u2013121. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2024)"},{"key":"383_CR19","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: Un hexagone pour le mouvement, Le mouvement, Actes du XXXIXe Congr\u00e8s de l\u2019ASPLF (Neuch\u00e2tel - 22\u201326 ao\u00fbt,: sous la direction de J.P.Schneider et D.Schulthess Cahiers de la Revue de Th\u00e9ologie et de Philosophie, 27. Droz, Geneva 2024, 107\u2013114 (2023)"},{"key":"383_CR20","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y.: \u201cWhat is it?\u201d, Lecture presented at the 25th world congress of philosophy, Rome, August 1-8, https:\/\/wcprome2024.com\/ (2024)"},{"key":"383_CR21","unstructured":"Beziau, J.Y.: \u201cWhat is symmetry?\u201d Symmetry : Art and Science, 2025\/1-4 Special issue for the Congress and Exhibition Nagy, D. and Vandoulakis, I., eds., Symmetry: Art and Science, SIS-13 Congress and Exhibition, Kolymbari, Crete, 22-29 (August 2025)"},{"key":"383_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45062-9","volume-title":"The Square of Opposition: A Cornerstone of Thought, in The Square of Opposition: A Cornerstone of Thought","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Basti, G.: The Square of Opposition: A Cornerstone of Thought, in The Square of Opposition: A Cornerstone of Thought, pp. 3\u201312. Basel, Birkh\u00e4user (2017)"},{"key":"383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Gerogiorgakis, S.: The Many Dimensions of the Square of Opposition in New Dimensions of the Square of Opposition, pp. 9\u201316. Philosophia Verlag, Munich (2017)","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv2nrzhd7.3"},{"key":"383_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-016-0152-1","volume":"10","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Giovagnoli, R.: The Vatican Square. Log. Univers. 10, 135\u2013141 (2016)","journal-title":"Log. Univers."},{"key":"383_CR25","first-page":"135","volume":"54","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Fil\u00edppovna, V.: What is a Diagram? Al Mukhatabat 54, 135\u2013149 (2025)","journal-title":"Al Mukhatabat"},{"key":"383_CR26","first-page":"315","volume":"35","author":"J-Y Beziau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Read, S.: Square of Opposition: A Diagram and a Theory in Historical Perspective. Preface of a special issue of History and Philosophy of Logic on the square of opposition 35, 315\u2013316 (2014)","journal-title":"Preface of a special issue of History and Philosophy of Logic on the square of opposition"},{"key":"383_CR27","volume-title":"L\u2019imagination - Actes du 37\u00e8me Congr\u00e8s de l\u2019ASPLF (Association des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de Philosophie de Langue Fran\u00e7aise), Rio de Janeiro, 26\u201331 Mars 2018","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Schulthess, D. (eds.): L\u2019imagination - Actes du 37\u00e8me Congr\u00e8s de l\u2019ASPLF (Association des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de Philosophie de Langue Fran\u00e7aise), Rio de Janeiro, 26\u201331 Mars 2018. College Publications, London (2020)"},{"key":"383_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beziau, J.-Y., Vandoulakis, I.: The Square of Opposition: Past, Present, Future, In: Beziau, J.-Y., Vandoulakis, I. (eds), The Exoteric Square of Opposition - The Sixth World Congress on the Square of Opposition, Birkh\u00e4user, Cham, pp.1-4 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90823-2_1"},{"key":"383_CR29","unstructured":"Blanch\u00e9, R.: Structures intellectuelles : Essai sur l\u2019organisation syst\u00e9matique des concepts, Paris Vrin, (1966)"},{"key":"383_CR30","unstructured":"ChatGPT5, Answer to What is money?"},{"key":"383_CR31","unstructured":"ChatGPT5, Answer to What money is not?"},{"key":"383_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Cinque, M.: \u201cHumanistic Demands and the Role of Chance in Business: A Plea for Mercy\u201d, Logica Universalis, Volume 19, Issue 2-3, (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00374-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00374-6"},{"key":"383_CR33","unstructured":"Collins Dictionary, Definition of \u201cdefinition\u201d https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/dictionary\/english\/definition"},{"key":"383_CR34","unstructured":"Collins Dictionary, Definition of \u201ctrust\u201d https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/dictionary\/english\/trust"},{"key":"383_CR35","unstructured":"Collins Dictionary, Defintion of \u201cdeal\u201d https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/dictionary\/english\/deal"},{"key":"383_CR36","unstructured":"Collins Dictionary, Defintion of \u201cmoney\u201d https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/dictionary\/english\/money"},{"key":"383_CR37","unstructured":"Frege, G.: \u201c\u00dcber Sinn und Bedeutung\u201d, Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100, (1892)"},{"key":"383_CR38","volume-title":"Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten","author":"S Freud","year":"1905","unstructured":"Freud, S.: Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten. Franz Deuticke, Leipzig et Vienne (1905)"},{"key":"383_CR39","unstructured":"Geiser, U.: \u201cSwiss reject extradition request for Polanski\u201d, https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/demographics\/swiss-reject-extradition-request-for-polanski\/17950322"},{"key":"383_CR40","unstructured":"Gemini, https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=Is+money+a+proper+noun"},{"key":"383_CR41","unstructured":"Gunther, F.: The Zurich Axioms, (1985)"},{"key":"383_CR42","volume-title":"LSD, mein Sorgenkind","author":"A Hoffman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hoffman, A.: LSD, mein Sorgenkind. Ernst Klett, Stuttgart (1979)"},{"key":"383_CR43","unstructured":"International Committee of the Red Cross, \u201cIsrael and the occupied territories: Addressing misconceptions and false information\u201d, https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/FAQ-misconceptions-false-information-icrc-work-israel-and-occupied-territories. 27-08-2025"},{"key":"383_CR44","unstructured":"Krishnamurti, J.: Commentaries on living 1, 2, 3. Harper, New York (1956, 1958, 1960)"},{"key":"383_CR45","volume-title":"The Kitchen Chronicles - 1001 lunches with Krishnamurti","author":"M Krohnen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krohnen, M.: The Kitchen Chronicles - 1001 lunches with Krishnamurti. Edwin House Publishing, Ojai (1997)"},{"key":"383_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merhrabian, H.: \u201cUnderstanding Money as a Communication Technology\u201d, Logica Universalis, Volume 19, Issue 2-3, (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00380-8"},{"key":"383_CR47","unstructured":"Milgram, S., Jodelet, D.: \u201cPsychological Maps of Paris\u201d, iIn Proshansky, W.I.H., Rivlin, L. (eds) Environmental Psychology, pp.104\u2013124. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York (1976)"},{"key":"383_CR48","volume-title":"The Naked Ape: A Zoologist\u2019s Study of the Human Animal","author":"D Morris","year":"1967","unstructured":"Morris, D.: The Naked Ape: A Zoologist\u2019s Study of the Human Animal. Jonathan Cape, London (1967)"},{"key":"383_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parikh, R.: \u201cLogic and the Social World*, Logica Universalis, Volume 19, Issue 2-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00376-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00376-4"},{"key":"383_CR50","volume-title":"O Livro do Desassossego","author":"F Pessoa","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pessoa, F.: O Livro do Desassossego. \u00c1tica, Lisbon (1982)"},{"key":"383_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontes, A.N.: \u201cFrom the ontology of money to monetary theory: remarks on inflation and interest rates\u201d, Logica Universalis, Volume 19, Issue 2-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00382-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00382-6"},{"key":"383_CR52","volume-title":"Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale","author":"F de Saussure","year":"1916","unstructured":"de Saussure, F., de Saussure, F.: Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Payot, Lausanne an Paris (1916)"},{"key":"383_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2004.07.006","volume":"2","author":"P Suppes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suppes, P., Beziau, J.-Y.: Semantic computation of truth based on associations already learned. Journal of Applied Logic 2, 457\u2013467 (2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Logic"},{"key":"383_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Talcott, C.: \u201cChallenges in Formal Analysis of Resilience: Capturing the Tradeoff Between the Chance of Failure and the Cost of Success\u201d, Logica Universalis, Volume 19, Issue 2-3, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00373-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11787-025-00373-7"},{"key":"383_CR55","unstructured":"Tucak, I.: \u201cOtium: Exploring Leisure in Roman Villa Culture in The history avenue - Stories from the past and about the past.\u201d https:\/\/the-history-avenue.eu\/2024\/04\/01\/otium-exploring-leisure-in-roman-villa-culture\/-history-avenue.eu\/2024\/04\/01\/otium-exploring-leisure-in-roman-villa-culture\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"383_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/1374489.1374501","volume":"15","author":"F Vi\u00e9gas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vi\u00e9gas, F., Wattenberg, M.: Timelinestag clouds and the case for vernacular visualization. Interactions 15(4), 49\u201352 (2008)","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"383_CR57","unstructured":"Wikipedia, \u201cWikipedia\u201d, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia"},{"key":"383_CR58","unstructured":"Wikipedia, \u201cEncyclopedia Galactica\u201d, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_Galactica"},{"key":"383_CR59","unstructured":"Wikipedia, \u201cOffice at night\u201d, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_at_Night"},{"key":"383_CR60","unstructured":"Wikipedia, \u201cChrist Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (El Greco, Washington)\u201d, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christ_Driving_the_Money_Changers_from_the_Temple_(El_Greco,_Washington)"},{"key":"383_CR61","unstructured":"Wikipedia, \u201cThe Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)\u201d, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)"},{"key":"383_CR62","unstructured":"Wikipedia, \u201c Priceless (advertising campaign)\u201d. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Priceless_(advertising_campaign)"},{"key":"383_CR63","unstructured":"WordNet Homepage, https:\/\/wordnet.princeton.edu, last access 2024\/03\/21"},{"key":"383_CR64","volume-title":"Mars","author":"F Zorn","year":"1977","unstructured":"Zorn, F.: Mars. Kindler, M\u00fcnchen (1977)"}],"container-title":["Logica Universalis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00383-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00383-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00383-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:07:57Z","timestamp":1766419677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00383-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11787-025-00383-5","relation":{"is-basis-for":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.52843\/cassyni.ftpj88","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1661-8297","1661-8300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-8297","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-8300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}