{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T20:24:09Z","timestamp":1781036649089,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,23]],"date-time":"2014-09-23T23:25:25Z","timestamp":1411514725000},"page":"1065-1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Biosecurity and Open-Source Biology: The Promise and Peril of Distributed Synthetic Biological Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Selgelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"9591_CR1","unstructured":"Anderson, R., Barton, C., B\u00f6hme, R., Clayton, R., van Eeten, M.J.G., Levi, et al. (2012). Measuring the costs of cybercrime. 11th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security. Berlin."},{"key":"9591_CR2","unstructured":"Bush, V. (1945). Science: The endless frontier. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office."},{"key":"9591_CR3","unstructured":"CAMBIA. (2006). The CAMBIA BiOS Initiative: Biological Innovation for Open Society. http:\/\/www.bios.net\/daisy\/bios\/2029\/version\/default\/part\/AttachmentData\/data\/BiOS%20Initiative%20Phase%202006-2008.pdf . Accessed July 1, 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/153871303769201851","volume":"1","author":"R Carlson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carlson, R. (2003). The pace and proliferation of biological technologies. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 1(3), 203\u2013214.","journal-title":"Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"},{"key":"9591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674053625","volume-title":"Biology is technology: The promise, peril, and new business of engineering life","author":"R Carlson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlson, R. (2010). Biology is technology: The promise, peril, and new business of engineering life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9591_CR6","unstructured":"Carlson, R. (2012). Causes and consequences of bioeconomic proliferation: Implications for U.S. Physical and Economic Security. 09-45. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate. United States Department of Homeland Security."},{"key":"9591_CR7","unstructured":"Carlson, R., & Brent, R. (2000). DARPA Open Source Biology Letter. http:\/\/synthesis.cc\/DARPA_OSB_Letter.pdf . Accessed July 31, 2012."},{"issue":"5583","key":"9591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072266","volume":"297","author":"J Cello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cello, J., Paul, A. V., & Wimmer, E. (2002). Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science, 297(5583), 1016\u20131018.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9591_CR9","volume-title":"Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories","author":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC)","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2009). Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services."},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dth023","volume":"13","author":"PA David","year":"2004","unstructured":"David, P. A. (2004). Understanding the emergence of \u2018Open Science\u2019 institutions: Functionalist economics in historical context. Industrial and Corporate Change, 13(4), 571\u2013589.","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"key":"9591_CR11","unstructured":"de Joode R. (2005). Understanding open source communities: an organizational perspective. Technische Universiteit Delft, PhD. Thesis."},{"key":"9591_CR12","unstructured":"DIYBio.org (2008). Home. http:\/\/diybio.org . Accessed February 23, 2014."},{"key":"9591_CR14","volume-title":"Extreme genetic engineering: An introduction to synthetic biology","author":"ETC Group","year":"2007","unstructured":"ETC Group. (2007). Extreme genetic engineering: An introduction to synthetic biology. Ottawa, ON: ETC Group."},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-100712","volume":"39","author":"NG Evans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans, N. G. (2013). Great expectations\u2014Ethics, bird flu, and the value of progress. Journal of Medical Ethics, 39(4), 209\u2013213.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"9591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedson, D. S, & Peter, D. (2007). Commentary: From scarcity to abundance: Pandemic vaccines and other agents for \u2018have not\u2019 countries. Journal of Public Health Policy, 28(3), 322\u2013340. doi: 10.1057\/palgrave.jphp.3200147 .","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jphp.3200147"},{"issue":"5987","key":"9591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190719","volume":"329","author":"DG Gibson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, C., Noskov, V. N., Chuang, R. Y., Algire, M. A., et al. (2010). Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science, 329(5987), 52\u201356. doi: 10.1126\/science.1190719 .","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9591_CR18","unstructured":"Goodman, M. (2012). A vision of crimes of in the future. TED: Technology, Entertainment, Design www.ted.com\/talks\/marc_goodman_a_vision_of_crimes_in_the_future.html . Accesed February 23, 2014."},{"key":"9591_CR13","unstructured":"Hacking Goes Squishy: special section 30-31 (2009, September 5). Economist, 392, no. 8647."},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02454-10","volume":"77","author":"W Higashide","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higashide, W., Yongchao, L., Yunfeng, Y., & Liao, J. C. (2011). Metabolic engineering of clostridium celluloyticum for isobutanol production from cellulose. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(8), 2727\u20132733.","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"9591_CR20","volume-title":"Biobazaar: The open-source revolution and biotechnology","author":"J Hope","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hope, J. (2005). Biobazaar: The open-source revolution and biotechnology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"7403","key":"9591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10831","volume":"486","author":"M Imai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imai, M., Watanabe, T., Hatta, M., Das, S. C., Ozawa, M., Shinya, K., et al. (2012). Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA\/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature, 486(7403), 420\u2013428. doi: 10.1038\/nature10831 .","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9591_CR22","unstructured":"International Genetically-Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM). (2014). Safety Hub. http:\/\/2014.igem.org\/Safety . Accessed August 5, 2014."},{"key":"9591_CR23","volume-title":"The growth of amateur biology: A dual use governance challenge? Biochemical security 2030 project policy paper 3","author":"C Jefferson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jefferson, C. (2013). The growth of amateur biology: A dual use governance challenge? Biochemical security 2030 project policy paper 3. Bath: University of Bath."},{"key":"9591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferson, C., Lentzos F, & Marris C. (2014). Synthetic biology and biosecurity: Challenging the \u2018Myths\u2019. Frontiers in Public Health 2(115). doi: 10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00115 .","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00115"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12065","volume":"41","author":"PD Jorgensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jorgensen, P. D. (2013). Pharmaceuticals, political money, and public policy: A theoretical and empirical agenda. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 41(3), 561.","journal-title":"The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics"},{"key":"9591_CR26","unstructured":"Kahn, L. (2012). DIY biology. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. http:\/\/www.thebulletin.org\/web-edition\/columnists\/laura-h-kahn\/diy-biology . Accessed July 1, 2012."},{"key":"9591_CR27","volume-title":"Innovation, dual use, and security: Managing the risks of emerging biological and chemical technologies","author":"A Kelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelle, A. (2012). Synthetic biology with standard parts. In J. Tucker (Ed.), Innovation, dual use, and security: Managing the risks of emerging biological and chemical technologies (Vol. 9). Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"9591_CR28","unstructured":"Kelle, A. (2013). Synthetic biology as a field of dual-use bioethical concern. In B. Rappert & M. J. Selgelid (Eds.), On the dual uses of science and ethics (pp. 45\u201363). Canberra: ANU E Press. http:\/\/press.anu.edu.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/ch044.pdf ."},{"key":"9591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1071\/CH06095","volume":"59","author":"TB Kepler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kepler, T. B., Marti-Renom, M. A., Maurer, S. M., Rai, A. K., Taylor, G., & Todd, M. H. (2006). Open source research\u2014The power of Us. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 59, 291\u2013294.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"9591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.6.14987","volume":"7","author":"K Kindsm\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kindsm\u00fcller, K., & Wagner, R. (2011). Synthetic biology: Impact on the design of innovative vaccines. Human Vaccines, 7(6), 658\u2013662.","journal-title":"Human Vaccines"},{"key":"9591_CR31","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Open Sources 2.0: The continuing evolution","author":"B Laurie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laurie, B. (2005). Open source and security. In C. DiBona, D. Cooper, & M. Stone (Eds.), Open Sources 2.0: The continuing evolution (pp. 57\u201371). Sebastopol, CA: O\u2019Rielly."},{"key":"9591_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledford, H. (2010). Garage biotech: Life hackers. Nature, 467, 650\u2013652.","DOI":"10.1038\/467650a"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3152\/030234208X270496","volume":"35","author":"P Lentzos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lentzos, P. (2008). Countering misuse of life sciences through regulatory multiplicity. Science and Public Policy, 35(1), 55\u201364.","journal-title":"Science and Public Policy"},{"key":"9591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipsitch, M., & Galvani, A. P. (2014). Ethical alternatives to experiments with novel potential pandemic pathogens. PLoS Medicine, 11(5), e1001646. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001646 .","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001646"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"9591_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-007-9059-3","volume":"46","author":"R McCusker","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCusker, R. (2006). Transnational organised cyber crime: Distinguishing threat from reality. Crime, Law and Social Change, 46(4\u20135), 257\u2013273.","journal-title":"Crime, Law and Social Change"},{"key":"9591_CR35","unstructured":"Meselson, M. (2000). Averting the hostile exploitation of biotechnology. The CBW Conventions Bulletin. http:\/\/sussex.ac.uk\/Units\/spru\/hsp\/DraftConventionsupportingdocs\/HSPpapers\/cbwcb48.pdf . Accessed May 15, 2014."},{"key":"9591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8312-9","volume-title":"Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences","author":"S Miller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miller, S., & Selgelid, M. J. (2008). Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences. Dordrecht: Springer."},{"key":"9591_CR37","unstructured":"Nolan-Stevaux, K. M. (2007). Open Source Biology: a Means to Address the Access & Research Gaps. Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. LJ 23, 271."},{"key":"9591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palese, P. (2012). Don\u2019t censor life-saving science.\u00a0Nature,\u00a0481(7380), 115.","DOI":"10.1038\/481115a"},{"key":"9591_CR39","unstructured":"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (2010). New directions: The ethics of synthetic biology and emerging technologies. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office."},{"key":"9591_CR40","unstructured":"Randal, K. (2005). The artists in hazmat suits. New York Times. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/07\/03\/arts\/design\/03kenn.html?_r=3&oref=slogin& . Accessed June 1, 2013."},{"key":"9591_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2008.232","volume":"10","author":"G Samuel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Samuel, G., Selgelid, M. J., & Kerridge, I. (2009). Managing the unimaginable: Regulatory responses to the challenges posed by synthetic biology and synthetic genomics. EMBO Reports, 10, 7\u201311.","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR42","first-page":"A119","volume":"118","author":"Charles W Schmidt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmidt, Charles W. (2010). Synthetic biology: Environmental health implications of a new field. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(3), A119\u2013A123.","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"9591_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneier, B. (2012). Securing medical research: A cybersecurity point of view. Science, 336(6088), 1527\u20131529. doi: 10.1126\/science.1224321 .","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224321"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2968\/066003001","volume":"66","author":"MJ Selgelid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Selgelid, M. J., & Weir, L. (2010). Reflections on the synthetic production of poliovirus. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 66(3), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"},{"key":"9591_CR45","unstructured":"Taylor, G. (2006). The Synaptic Leap. http:\/\/www.thesynapticleap.org . Accessed August 08, 2012."},{"key":"9591_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119392","volume":"310","author":"TM Tumpey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tumpey, T. M., et al. (2005). Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus. Science, 310, 77.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9973.00053","volume":"28","author":"J Hoven van den","year":"1997","unstructured":"van den Hoven, J. (1997). Computer ethics and moral methodology. Metaphilosophy, 28(3), 234\u2013249.","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001402","volume":"10","author":"E Vayena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vayena, E., & Tasioulas, J. (2013). Adapting standards: Ethical oversight of participant-led health research. PLoS Medicine, 10(3), e1001402. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001402 .","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"9591_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.05.006","volume":"15","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watanabe, T., Zhong, G., Russell, C. A., Nakajima, N., Hatta, M., Hanson, A., et al. (2014). Circulating avian influenza viruses closely related to the 1918 virus have pandemic potential. Cell Host & Microbe, 15, 692\u2013705. doi: 10.1016\/j.chom.2014.05.006 .","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"9591_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.039","volume":"157","author":"JC Way","year":"2014","unstructured":"Way, J. C., Collins, J. J., Keasling, J. D., & Silver, P. A. (2014). Integrating biological redesign: Where synthetic biology came from and where it needs to go. Cell, 157, 151\u2013161. doi: 10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.039 .","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9591_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674044999","volume-title":"The success of open source","author":"S Weber","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weber, S. (2004). The success of open source. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004801129528","volume":"38","author":"PJ Westwick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Westwick, P. J. (2000). Secret science: A classified community in the national laboratories. Minerva, 38(4), 363\u2013391.","journal-title":"Minerva"},{"key":"9591_CR53","volume-title":"Deadly cultures: Biological weapons since 1945","author":"M Wheelis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wheelis, M., & Sugishima, M. (2006). Terrorist use of biological weapons. In M. Wheelis & L. R\u00f3zsa (Eds.), Deadly cultures: Biological weapons since 1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9591_CR54","first-page":"22","volume":"6","author":"P Williams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Williams, P. (2001). Organized crime and cybercrime: Synergies, trends, and responses. Global Issues, 6(2), 22\u201326.","journal-title":"Global Issues"}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T18:52:59Z","timestamp":1689533579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-3452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]}}}