{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:07:32Z","timestamp":1783184852532,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00119-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T14:05:16Z","timestamp":1561039516000},"page":"2023-2049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["Welcoming Robots into the Moral Circle: A Defence of Ethical Behaviourism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Danaher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"119_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744552316000458","volume":"13","author":"A Arstein-Kerslake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arstein-Kerslake, A., & Flynn, E. (2017). The right to legal agency: Domination, disability and the protections of Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. International Journal of Law in Context, 13(1), 22\u201338.","journal-title":"International Journal of Law in Context"},{"key":"119_CR2","volume-title":"Neuroscience and philosophy: Brain, mind, and language","author":"MR Bennet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bennet, M. R., Dennett, D., Hacker, P. M. S., & Searle, J. (2007). Neuroscience and philosophy: Brain, mind, and language. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing."},{"key":"119_CR3","volume-title":"Philosophical foundations of neuroscience","author":"MR Bennett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bennett, M. R., & Hacker, P. M. S. (2003). Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing."},{"key":"119_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1075\/nlp.8.11bry","volume-title":"Close engagements with artificial companions: Key social, psychological, ethical and design issues","author":"J Bryson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bryson, J. (2010). Robots should be slaves. In Y. Wilks (Ed.), Close engagements with artificial companions: Key social, psychological, ethical and design issues (pp. 63\u201374). Amsterdam: John Benjamins."},{"key":"119_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-018-9448-6","volume":"20","author":"J Bryson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bryson, J. (2018). Patiency is not a virtue: The design of intelligent systems and systems of ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 20, 15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-018-9448-6 .","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"119_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9","volume":"25","author":"J Bryson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bryson, J., Diamantis, M., & Grant, T. (2017). Of, for and by the people: The legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(3), 273\u2013291.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"119_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1017\/apa.2016.28","volume":"2","author":"A Carter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carter, A., & Palermos, O. (2016). Is having your computer compromised a personal assault? The ethics of extended cognition. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 2(4), 542\u2013560.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Philosophical Association"},{"key":"119_CR8","volume-title":"The conscious mind","author":"D Chalmers","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chalmers, D. (1996). The conscious mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"119_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137025968","volume-title":"Growing moral relations: Critique of moral status ascription","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M. (2012). Growing moral relations: Critique of moral status ascription. New York: Palgrave MacMillan."},{"issue":"5","key":"119_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-013-9486-3","volume":"27","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M., & Gunkel, D. (2014). Facing animals: A relational, other-oriented approach to moral standing. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 27(5), 715\u2013733.","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"119_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-016-9627-6","volume":"29","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M., & Gunkel, D. (2016). Response to \u201cThe problem of the question about animal ethics\u201d by Michal Piekarski. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29(4), 717\u2013721.","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"119_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-017-9932-0","volume":"24","author":"J Danaher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danaher, J. (2018). Why we should create artificial offspring: Meaning and the collective afterlife. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24(4), 1097\u20131118.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"119_CR13","unstructured":"Graham, G. (2015). Behaviorism. Stanford Encyclopedia of the Philosophy, available at https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/behaviorism\/ . Accessed 10 July 2018."},{"key":"119_CR14","unstructured":"Gruen, L. (2017). The moral status of animals. In Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/moral-animal\/ ."},{"key":"119_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-007-9143-7","volume":"136","author":"A Guerrero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guerrero, A. (2007). Don\u2019t know, don\u2019t kill: Moral ignorance, culpability, and caution. Philosophical Studies, 136, 59\u201397.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"119_CR16","volume-title":"The machine question","author":"D Gunkel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gunkel, D. (2011). The machine question. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"119_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-017-9442-4","volume":"20","author":"D Gunkel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunkel, D. (2018a). The other question: Can and should robots have rights? Ethics and Information Technology, 20, 87\u201399.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"119_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11444.001.0001","volume-title":"Robot rights","author":"D Gunkel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunkel, D. (2018b). Robot rights. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"119_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-016-9254-y","volume":"9","author":"S Hare","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hare, S., & Vincent, N. (2016). Happiness, cerebroscopes and incorrigibility: The prospects for neuroeudaimonia. Neuroethics, 9(1), 69\u201384.","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"119_CR20","volume-title":"Robot sex: Social and ethical implications","author":"M Hauskeller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauskeller, M. (2017). Automatic sweethearts for transhumanists. In J. Danaher & N. McArthur (Eds.), Robot sex: Social and ethical implications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"119_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12253","volume":"30","author":"A Holland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holland, A. (2016). The case against the case for procreative beneficence. Bioethics, 30(7), 490\u2013499.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"119_CR22","unstructured":"Jaworska, A., & Tannenbaum, J. (2018). The grounds of moral status. In Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, available at https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/grounds-moral-status\/ ."},{"key":"119_CR23","volume-title":"The ethics of abortion","author":"C Kaczor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaczor, C. (2011). The ethics of abortion. London: Routledge."},{"key":"119_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong, B., & Selinger, E. (2019). Robot eyes wide shut: Understanding dishonest anthropomorphism. In 2019 Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery\u2019s Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, pp. 299\u2013308.","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287591"},{"key":"119_CR25","unstructured":"Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority (A. Lingis, Trans.). Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University."},{"issue":"3","key":"119_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-009-0022-6","volume":"1","author":"D Levy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levy, D. (2009). The ethical treatment of artificially conscious robots. International Journal of Social Robotics, 1(3), 209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-009-0022-6 .","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"119_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195126105.001.0001","volume-title":"Moral uncertainty and its consequences","author":"T Lockhart","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lockhart, T. (2000). Moral uncertainty and its consequences. Oxford: OUP."},{"key":"119_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031819111000222","volume":"86","author":"D Moller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moller, D. (2011). Abortion and moral risk. Philosophy, 86, 425\u2013443.","journal-title":"Philosophy"},{"issue":"1","key":"119_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-013-0114-y","volume":"27","author":"EL Neely","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neely, E. L. (2014). Machines and the moral community. Philosophy & Technology, 27(1), 97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-013-0114-y .","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"119_CR30","volume-title":"Robot sex: Social and ethical implications","author":"S Nyholm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nyholm, S., & Frank, L. E. (2017). From sex robots to love robots: Is mutual love with a robot possible? In J. Danaher & N. McArthur (Eds.), Robot sex: Social and ethical implications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"119_CR31","volume-title":"Why have children? The ethical debate","author":"C Overall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Overall, C. (2011). Why have children? The ethical debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"119_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199812134.001.0001","volume-title":"Minds, brains and law","author":"M Pardo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pardo, M., & Patterson, D. (2013). Minds, brains and law. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"119_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/ejop.12237","volume":"25","author":"S Puryear","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puryear, S. (2017). Schopenhauer on the rights of animals. European Journal of Philosophy, 25(2), 250\u2013269.","journal-title":"European Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"119_CR34","unstructured":"Raoult, A., & Yampolskiy, R. (2018). Reviewing tests for machine consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, forthcoming\u2014available at https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/325498266_Reviewing_Tests_for_Machine_Consciousness . Accessed 28 March 2019."},{"key":"119_CR35","volume-title":"The case for animal rights","author":"T Regan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Regan, T. (1983). The case for animal rights. Berkeley: University of California Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"119_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12147","volume":"29","author":"B Saunders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saunders, B. (2015). Why procreative preferences may be moral\u2014And why it may not matter if they aren\u2019t. Bioethics, 29(7), 499\u2013506.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"119_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12366","volume":"31","author":"B Saunders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saunders, B. (2016). First, do no harm: Generalized procreative non-maleficence. Bioethics, 31, 552\u2013558.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"119_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8519.00251","volume":"15","author":"J Savulescu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Savulescu, J. (2001). Procreative beneficence: Why we should select the best children. Bioethics, 15, 413\u2013426.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"119_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/misp.12032","volume":"39","author":"E Schwitzgebel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwitzgebel, E., & Garza, M. (2015). A defense of the rights of artificial intelligences. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 39(1), 89\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/misp.12032 .","journal-title":"Midwest Studies in Philosophy"},{"key":"119_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5840\/harvardreview20185913","volume":"25","author":"J Sebo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sebo, J. (2018). The moral problem of other minds. The Harvard Review of Philosophy, 25, 51\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/harvardreview20185913 .","journal-title":"The Harvard Review of Philosophy"},{"key":"119_CR41","volume-title":"The expanding circle","author":"P Singer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Singer, P. (1981). The expanding circle. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"119_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.2009.01608.x","volume":"40","author":"P Singer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singer, P. (2009). Speciesism and moral status. Metaphilosophy, 40(3\u20134), 567\u2013581.","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"119_CR43","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of robotics","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sparrow, R. (2012). Can machines be people? Reflections on the turing triage test. In P. Lin, K. Abney, & G. A. Bekey (Eds.), Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of robotics (pp. 301\u2013316). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"119_CR44","unstructured":"Stone, Z. (2017). Everything you need to know about Sophia, The World\u2019s First Robot Citizen. Forbes 7th November 2017, available at https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/zarastone\/2017\/11\/07\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sophia-the-worlds-first-robot-citizen\/#4e76f02b46fa . Accessed 10 July 2018."},{"key":"119_CR45","volume-title":"The moral foundations of rights","author":"L Sumner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sumner, L. (1987). The moral foundations of rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"119_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","volume":"49","author":"A Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 49, 433\u2013460.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"2","key":"119_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/hypa.12327","volume":"32","author":"R Tuvel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuvel, R. (2017). Defence of transracialism. Hypatia, 32(2), 263\u2013278.","journal-title":"Hypatia"},{"key":"119_CR48","unstructured":"Vincent, J. (2017). Pretending to give robots citizenship helps no one. The Verge 30th October 2017, available at https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2017\/10\/30\/16552006\/robot-rights-citizenship-saudi-arabia-sophia . Accessed 10 July 2018."},{"key":"119_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198250401.001.0001","volume-title":"Moral status: Obligations to persons and other things","author":"MA Warren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Warren, M. A. (2000). Moral status: Obligations to persons and other things. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"119_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-013-0227-2","volume":"167","author":"B Weatherson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weatherson, B. (2014). Running risks morally. Philosophical Studies, 167, 141\u2013163.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00119-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00119-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00119-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T01:15:19Z","timestamp":1721438119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00119-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00119-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-3452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}