{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:08:12Z","timestamp":1767971292667,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00190-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T11:02:41Z","timestamp":1580900561000},"page":"1549-1567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Should Manual Driving be (Eventually) Outlawed?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Julian F.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0705-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Gogoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"190_CR1","unstructured":"Alexander-Kearns, M., Peterson, M., & Cassady, A. (2016). The impact of vehicle automation on carbon emissions. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/green\/reports\/2016\/11\/18\/292588\/theimpact-of-vehicle-automationon-carbon-emissions-where-uncertainty-lies."},{"key":"190_CR3","volume-title":"Road vehicle automation","author":"M Barth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barth, M., Boriboonsomsin, K., & Wu, G. (2014). Vehicle automation and its potential impacts on energy and emissions. In G. Meyer & S. Beiker (Eds.), Road vehicle automation. Cham: Springer."},{"key":"190_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.12.078","volume":"19","author":"J Bischoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bischoff, J., & Maciejewski, M. (2016). Autonomous taxicabs in berlin\u2014A spatiotemporal analysis of service performance. Transportation Research Procedia,19, 176\u2013186.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"key":"190_CR5","unstructured":"Blanco, M., Atwood, J., Russell, S., Trimble, T., McClafferty, J., & Perez, M. (2016). Automated vehicle crash rate comparison using naturalistic data. Technical report, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute."},{"key":"190_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2016-103486","author":"J Brennan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brennan, J. (2016). A libertarian case for mandatory vaccination. Journal of Medical Ethics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2016-103486.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"190_CR8","volume-title":"Road vehicle automation","author":"A Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, A., Gonder, J., & Repac, B. (2014). An analysis of possible energy impacts of automated vehicle. In G. Meyer & S. Beiker (Eds.), Road vehicle automation. Cham: Springer."},{"key":"190_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081","volume":"79","author":"F Caiazzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caiazzo, F., Ashok, A., Waitz, I. A., Yim, S. H., & Barrett, S. R. (2013). Air pollution and early deaths in the United States, Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005. Atmospheric Environment,79, 198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"190_CR10","unstructured":"Clewlow, R. R., & Shankar Mishra, G. (2017). Disruptive transportation: The adoption, utilization, and impacts of ride-hailing in the United States. Research report UCD-ITS-RR-17-07. Davis: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California."},{"issue":"3","key":"190_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9211-z","volume":"25","author":"G Contissa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Contissa, G., Lagioia, F., & Sartor, G. (2017). The ethical knob: Ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law. Artificial Intelligence and Law,25(3), 365\u2013378.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Law"},{"key":"190_CR12","unstructured":"Dworkin, G. (2016). \u201cPaternalism\u201d, The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta\u00a0(Ed.), Retrieved January, 2017 https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2016\/entries\/paternalism."},{"key":"190_CR13","first-page":"167","volume":"77","author":"DJ Fagnant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. (2015). Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: Opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 167\u2013181.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"190_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"45","author":"D Fagnant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fagnant, D., & Kockelman, K. (2016). Dynamic ride-sharing and fleet sizing for a system of shared autonomous vehicles in Austin, Texas. Transportation,45, 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"190_CR15","unstructured":"Gao, P., Hensley, R., & Zielke, A. (2014). A road map to the future for the auto industry. McKinsey Quarterly, Oct (pp. 1\u201311)."},{"issue":"3","key":"190_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-016-9806-x","volume":"23","author":"J Gogoll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gogoll, J., & M\u00fcller, J. F. (2017). Autonomous cars: In favor of a mandatory ethics setting. Science and Engineering Ethics, 23(3), 681\u2013700.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"190_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3141\/2424-07","volume":"2424","author":"N Goodall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goodall, N. (2013). Ethical decision making during automated vehicle crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.,2424, 58\u201365.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"190_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05990-7_9","volume-title":"Road vehicle automation","author":"N Goodall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goodall, N. (2014). Machine ethics and automated vehicles. In G. Meyer & S. Beiker (Eds.), Road vehicle automation (pp. 93\u2013102). Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"190_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026005915919","volume":"59","author":"SO Hannson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hannson, S. O. (2003). Ethical criteria of risk acceptance. Erkenntnis,59, 291\u2013309.","journal-title":"Erkenntnis"},{"key":"190_CR20","unstructured":"Hendrickson, C., Biehler, A., Mashayekh, Y. (2014). Connected and autonomous vehicles 2040 Vision; Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) report to Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), FHWA-PA-2014-004-CMU WO 1;\u00a0Department of Transportation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, PA."},{"key":"190_CR21","unstructured":"Hof, R. (2015). Tesla\u2019s Elon musk thinks cars you can actually drive will be outlawed eventually, Forbes. Retrieved January, 2017 from http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/roberthof\/2015\/03\/17\/elon-musk-eventually-cars\\-you-can-actually-drive-may-be-outlawed\/."},{"key":"190_CR100","unstructured":"Honan, M. (2015). Google\u2019s cute cars and the ugly end of driving, buzzfeed. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/mathonan\/googles-cute-cars-and-the-ugly-end-of-driving. Accessed Feb 2018."},{"key":"190_CR22","unstructured":"KPMG (2015). Marketplace of change: Automobile insurance in the era of autonomous vehicles\u2014Whitepaper. https:\/\/assets.kpmg.com\/content\/dam\/kpmg\/pdf\/2016\/06\/id-market-place-of-change-automobile-insurance-in-the-era-of-autonomous-vehicles.pdf."},{"key":"190_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.04.014","volume":"32","author":"M Kyriakidis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kyriakidis, M., Happee, R., & de Winter, J. C. (2015). Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 32, 127\u2013140.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"190_CR23","unstructured":"Lin, P. (2014). Here\u2019s a terrible idea: Robot cars with adjustable ethics settings. WIRED. Accessed February, 2016 from http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2014\/08\/heres-a-terrible-idea-robot-cars-with-adjustable-ethics-settings\/."},{"key":"190_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.10.011","volume":"108","author":"N Masoud","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masoud, N., & Jayakrishnan, R. (2017). Autonomous or driver-less vehicles: implementation strategies and operational concerns. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Reviews,108, 179\u2013194.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Reviews"},{"key":"190_CR25","unstructured":"Mccarthy, J. F. (2017). Sustainability of self-driving mobility: An analysis of carbon emissions between autonomous vehicles and conventional modes of transportation (Doctoral dissertation)."},{"key":"190_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.01.001","volume":"65","author":"AC Mersky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mersky, A. C., & Samaras, C. (2016). Fuel economy testing of autonomous vehicles. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,65, 31\u201348.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"190_CR28","unstructured":"Mill, J. S. (1978). On liberty, Indianapolis."},{"key":"190_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, J. (2014). Proxy prudence: Rethinking models of responsibility for semiautonomous robots. In We Robot 2014 proceedings. http:\/\/robots.law.miami.edu\/2014\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Proxy-Prudence-Rethinking-Models-of-Responsibility-for-Semi-autonomous-Robots-Millar.pdf","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2442273"},{"key":"190_CR30","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2013). Preliminary Statement of Policy Concerning Automated Vehicles. Retrieved February, 2016 from http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/staticfiles\/rulemaking\/pdf\/Automated_Vehicles_Policy.pdf."},{"key":"190_CR31","unstructured":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019). 2018 fatal motor vehicle crashes: Overview. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"issue":"2","key":"190_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.2.152","volume":"58","author":"A Norcross","year":"1998","unstructured":"Norcross, A. (1998). Great harms from small benefits grow: How death can be outweighed by headaches. Analysis,58(2), 152\u2013158.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"190_CR34","unstructured":"OECD. (2015). Urban mobility system upgrade. How shared self-driving cars could change city traffic."},{"key":"190_CR35","unstructured":"Ross, P. (2014). Driverless cars: Optional by 2024, mandatory by 2044. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved August, 2017 from https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/transportation\/advanced-cars\/driverless-cars-optional-by-2024-mandatory-by-2044."},{"key":"190_CR36","unstructured":"Sandberg, A., & Bradshaw, H. G. (2013). Autonomous vehicles, moral agency and moral proxyhood. In Beyond AI conference proceedings. Springer, Berlin."},{"key":"190_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015","volume":"5","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio, F., & Van den Hoven, J. (2018). Meaningful human control over autonomous systems: A philosophical account. Frontiers in Robotics and AI,5, 15.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"190_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.04.014","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sparrow, R., & Howard, M. (2017). When human beings are like drunk robots: driverless vehicles, ethics, and the future of transport. Transportation Research Part C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2017.04.014.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C"},{"key":"190_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.02.005","volume":"89","author":"RE Stern","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stern, R. E., Cui, S., Delle Monache, M. L., Bhadani, R., Bunting, M., Churchill, M., et al. (2018). Dissipation of stop-and-go waves via control of autonomous vehicles: Field experiments. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,89, 205\u2013221.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"20","key":"190_CR40","first-page":"11449","volume":"52","author":"M Taiebat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taiebat, M., Brown, A. L., Safford, H. R., Qu, S., & Xu, M. (2018). A review on energy, environmental, and sustainability implications of connected and automated vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology,52(20), 11449\u201311465.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"190_CR41","unstructured":"Torbert, R., & Herrschaft, B. (2016). Driving miss hazy: Will driverless cars decrease fossil fuel consumption? Rocky Mountain Institute."},{"key":"190_CR42","unstructured":"Wenar, L. (2015). Rights. The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta\u00a0(Ed.), Retrieved June, 2018 from https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2015\/entries\/rights."},{"key":"190_CR43","unstructured":"Williams, D. (2010). Why we still enjoy driving. The Telegraph. Retrieved April, 2017 from http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/motoring\/road-safety\/8112638\/Why-we-still-enjoy-driving.html."},{"key":"190_CR44","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. (2015). Number of road traffic deaths. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/road_safety\/mortality\/number_text\/en\/."}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00190-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00190-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00190-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:42:17Z","timestamp":1612399337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00190-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00190-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-3452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}