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Arguments in favour of enhancement defend it as a paradigm of rationality, presenting it as a clear-eyed, logical defence of what we stand to gain from transcending the typical limits of our species. If these arguments are correct, it appears that adults should in principle be able to make rational and informed decisions about enhancing themselves. In this paper, however, we suggest that a rational and informed choice to enhance oneself may in some cases be impossible. Drawing on L. A. Paul\u2019s work on \u2018transformative experience\u2019, we argue that some enhancements\u2014such as certain moral or cognitive modifications\u2014may give rise to unbridgeable epistemic gaps in key domains. Importantly, such gaps could prove to be not merely contingently unbridgeable due to a lack of information at a given moment, but <jats:italic>radically<\/jats:italic> unbridgeable, making someone in a non-enhanced state inherently unable to conceive of what it would be like to be enhanced in a particular way. Where this experience is key to understanding what values are being pursued by the enhancement itself, it may prove impossible for a person to be sufficiently informed, and to make a rational decision about whether or not to enhance herself. This poses a challenge for human enhancement proponents in general, and for transhumanists in particular.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00410-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T15:03:03Z","timestamp":1667314983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["On the (Non-)Rationality of Human Enhancement and Transhumanism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Lyreskog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"McKeown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"410_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agar, N. 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