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Such systems are characterized by different levels of autonomy and complex communication infrastructures that allow for collective decision-making strategies. There exist several publications that tackle ethical aspects in such systems, but mostly from the perspective of a single agent. In this paper we go one step further and discuss these ethical challenges from the perspective of an aggregate of autonomous systems capable of collective decision-making. In particular, in this paper, we propose the <jats:sc>Caesar<\/jats:sc> approach through which we model the collective ethical decision-making process of a group of actors\u2014agents and humans, as well as define the building blocks for the agents participating in such a process, namely <jats:sc>Caesar<\/jats:sc> agents. Factors such as trust, security, safety, and privacy, which affect the degree to which a collective decision is ethical, are explicitly captured in <jats:sc>Caesar<\/jats:sc>. Finally, we argue that modeling the collective decision-making in <jats:sc>Caesar<\/jats:sc> provides support for accountability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00414-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T20:08:30Z","timestamp":1669406910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ethics of Autonomous Collective Decision-Making: The Caesar Framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7852-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirgita","family":"Frasheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaclav","family":"Struhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Vittorio","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Causevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"414_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, M., & Anderson, S.L. 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