{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:34:14Z","timestamp":1749530054976,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It might become possible to build artificial minds with the capacity for experience. This raises a plethora of ethical issues, explored, among others, in the context of whole brain emulations (WBE). In this paper, I will take up the problem of vulnerability \u2013 given, for various reasons, less attention in the literature \u2013 that the conscious emulations will likely exhibit. Specifically, I will examine the role that vulnerability plays in generating ethical issues that may arise when dealing with WBEs. I will argue that concerns about vulnerability are more matters of institutional design than individual ethics, both when it comes to creating humanlike brain emulations, and when animal-like emulations are concerned. Consequently, the article contains reflection on some institutional measures that can be taken to protect the sims' interests. It concludes that an institutional framework more likely to succeed in this task is competitive and poly-centric, rather than monopolistic and centralized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00416-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T21:36:01Z","timestamp":1669412161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sims and Vulnerability: On the Ethics of Creating Emulated Minds"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartlomiej","family":"Chomanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"416_CR1","first-page":"23","volume":"13","author":"J Basl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basl, J. (2013). The ethics of creating artificial consciousnesses. APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, 13(1), 23\u201329.","journal-title":"APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers"},{"key":"416_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96448-5_25","volume-title":"Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017","author":"S Beckers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beckers, S. (2018). AAAI: An argument against artificial intelligence. In V. M\u00fcller (Ed.), Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017 (pp. 235\u2013247). Springer."},{"key":"416_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199296422.001.0001","volume-title":"Better never to have been : the harm of coming into existence","author":"D Benatar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benatar, D. (2006). Better never to have been\u202f: The harm of coming into existence. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118736302","volume-title":"Intelligence unbound: The future of uploaded and machine minds","author":"R Blackford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blackford, R., & Broderick, D. (2014). Intelligence unbound: The future of uploaded and machine minds. Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199683000.001.0001","volume-title":"Intuition","author":"E Chudnoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chudnoff, E. (2013). Intuition (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.","edition":"1"},{"key":"416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilz011","author":"D DeGrazia","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeGrazia, D., & Beauchamp, T. L. (2019). Beyond the 3 Rs to a more comprehensive framework of principles for animal research ethics. ILAR Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ilar\/ilz011","journal-title":"ILAR Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.107","volume":"18","author":"E Di Lullo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Lullo, E., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2017). The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(10), 573\u2013584.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12106","volume":"33","author":"J du Toit","year":"2016","unstructured":"du Toit, J. (2016). Is having pets morally permissible? Journal of Applied Philosophy, 33(3), 327\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/japp.12106","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Philosophy"},{"issue":"6111","key":"416_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225266","volume":"338","author":"C Eliasmith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eliasmith, C., Stewart, T. C., Choo, X., Bekolay, T., DeWolf, T., Tang, Y., & Rasmussen, D. (2012). A large-scale model of the functioning brain. Science, 338(6111), 1202\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1225266","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2478\/jagi-2013-0008","volume":"4","author":"D Eth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eth, D., Foust, J.-C., & Whale, B. (2013). The prospects of whole brain emulation within the next half-century. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 4(3), 130\u2013152.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial General Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10730-013-9221-5","volume":"26","author":"J Flanigan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flanigan, J. (2014). A defense of compulsory vaccination. HEC Forum, 26(1), 5\u201325.","journal-title":"HEC Forum"},{"key":"416_CR12","unstructured":"Francione, G., & Charlton, A. (2016). The case against pets. Aeon. Retrieved from https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/why-keeping-a-pet-is-fundamentally-unethical"},{"issue":"1","key":"416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/josp.12401","volume":"53","author":"C Freiman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freiman, C. (2022). Against parental licensing. Journal of Social Philosophy, 53(1), 113\u2013126.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Philosophy"},{"key":"416_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12262","volume":"35","author":"A Gheaus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gheaus, A. (2018). Children\u2019s vulnerability and legitimate authority over children. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35, 60\u201375.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Philosophy"},{"key":"416_CR15","volume-title":"Protecting the vulnerable","author":"R Goodin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Goodin, R. (1986). Protecting the vulnerable. The University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"416_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1845853","volume":"21","author":"HT Greely","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greely, H. T. (2021). Human brain surrogates research: The onrushing ethical dilemma. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(1), 34\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2020.1845853","journal-title":"The American Journal of Bioethics"},{"issue":"S1","key":"416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12256","volume":"35","author":"S Hannan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hannan, S. (2018). Why childhood is bad for children. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35(S1), 11\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/japp.12256","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Philosophy"},{"key":"416_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-50317-5","volume-title":"Ethical intuitionism","author":"M Huemer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huemer, M. (2005). Ethical intuitionism. Palgrave Macmillan."},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5840\/soctheorpract201036323","volume":"36","author":"M Huemer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huemer, M. (2010). Is there a right to immigrate? Social Theory and Practice, 36(3), 429\u2013461.","journal-title":"Social Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"9","key":"416_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712231105","volume":"105","author":"EM Izhikevich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Izhikevich, E. M., & Edelman, G. M. (2008). Large-scale model of mammalian thalamocortical systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(9), 3593\u20133598.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110519897789","volume":"47","author":"JJ Koplin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koplin, J. J., & Savulescu, J. (2019). Moral limits of brain organoid research. The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 47(4), 760\u2013767.","journal-title":"The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"416_CR22","first-page":"182","volume":"9","author":"H LaFollette","year":"1980","unstructured":"LaFollette, H. (1980). Licensing parents. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9(2), 182\u2013197.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Public Affairs"},{"key":"416_CR23","unstructured":"Lovett, F. (2022). Republicanism. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Available at: https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2022\/entries\/republicanism\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"416_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5840\/soctheorpract2022811171","volume":"48","author":"P Maga\u00f1a","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maga\u00f1a, P. (2022). The political representation of nonhuman animals. Social Theory and Practice, 48(4), 665\u2013690.","journal-title":"Social Theory and Practice"},{"key":"416_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandelbaum, E. (2022). Everything and more: The prospects of whole brain emulation. Journal of Philosophy, 1\u201316 online version available at: https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/MANEAM-4.pdf","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil2022119830"},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR26","first-page":"925","volume":"69","author":"J Marceau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marceau, J. (2018). How the animal welfare act harms animals. Hastings Law Journal, 69(3), 925.","journal-title":"Hastings Law Journal"},{"key":"416_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.029","volume":"163","author":"H Markram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Markram, H., Muller, E., Ramaswamy, S., Reimann, M. W., Abdellah, M., Aguado, C., Sanchez, A. A., Alonso-Nanclares, L., Antille, N., Arsever, S., Antoine, G., Kahou, A., Berger, T. K., Bilgili, A., Buncic, N., Chalimourda, A., Courcol, J.-D., Delattre, V., et al. (2015). Reconstruction and simulation of neocortical microcircuitry. Cell, 163, 456\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.029","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6197","key":"416_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254642","volume":"345","author":"PA Merolla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merolla, P. A., Arthur, J. V., Alvarez-Icaza, R., Cassidy, A. S., Sawada, J., Akopyan, F., & Modha, D. S. (2014). A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface. Science, 345(6197), 668\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1254642","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"416_CR29","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Robotik und Gesetzgebung","author":"T Metzinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Metzinger, T. (2013). Two principles for robot ethics. In E. Hilgendorf & J.-P. G\u00fcnther (Eds.), Robotik und Gesetzgebung (pp. 247\u2013286). Nomos."},{"issue":"7","key":"416_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133639","volume":"10","author":"SG Nicholls","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicholls, S. G., Hayes, T. P., Brehaut, J. C., McDonald, M., Weijer, C., Saginur, R., & Fergusson, D. (2015). A scoping review of empirical research relating to quality and effectiveness of research ethics review. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133639","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"416_CR31","unstructured":"Parental Rights Foundation (2018). Problems in Child Protective Services (CPS). Available at: https:\/\/parentalrightsfoundation.org\/problems-in-child-protective-services-cps\/"},{"key":"416_CR32","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Robot ethics","author":"S Petersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petersen, S. (2011). Designing people to serve. In P. Lin, G. Bekey, & K. Abney (Eds.), Robot ethics (pp. 283\u2013298). MIT Press."},{"key":"416_CR33","volume-title":"Republicanism: A theory of freedom and government","author":"P Pettit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pettit, P. (1997). Republicanism: A theory of freedom and government. Clarendon Press."},{"key":"416_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.018","volume":"45","author":"DB Resnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Resnik, D. B. (2015). Some reflections on evaluating institutional review board effectiveness. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 45, 261\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.018","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials"},{"key":"416_CR35","unstructured":"Rowlands, M. (2002). Animals like us. Verso."},{"key":"416_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.11.028","volume":"84","author":"JR Russell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Russell, J. R., Kerwin, C., & Halverson, J. L. (2018). Is child protective services effective? Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 185\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.11.028","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"416_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31674-6_19","volume-title":"Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence","author":"A Sandberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandberg, A. (2013). Feasibility of whole brain emulation. In\u00a0Vincent C. M\u00fcller (Ed.),\u00a0Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence (pp. 251\u2013264). Springer."},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2014.895113","volume":"26","author":"A Sandberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandberg, A. (2014). Ethics of brain emulations. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 26(3), 439\u2013457.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"416_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180109090203","volume":"18","author":"D Schroeder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schroeder, D., & Gefenas, E. (2009). Vulnerability: Too vague and too broad? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 18(2), 113\u2013121.","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"416_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/misp.12032","volume":"39","author":"E Schwitzgebel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwitzgebel, E., & Garza, M. (2015). A defense of the rights of artificial intelligences. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 39(1), 98\u2013119.","journal-title":"Midwest Studies in Philosophy"},{"key":"416_CR41","volume-title":"The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","author":"E Schwitzgebel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwitzgebel, E., & Garza, M. (2020). Designing AI with rights, consciousness, self-respect, and freedom. In S. Matthew Liao (Ed.), The ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Pres."},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR42","first-page":"229","volume":"1","author":"P Singer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Singer, P. (1972). Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1(3), 229\u2013243.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Public Affairs"},{"key":"416_CR43","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Routledge handbook of the philosophy of childhood and children","author":"A Skelton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skelton, A. (2018). Children and wellbeing. In A. Gheaus, G. Calder, & J. De Wispelaere (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the philosophy of childhood and children (pp. 90\u2013100). Routledge."},{"key":"416_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.007","volume":"97","author":"LU Sneddon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sneddon, L. U., Elwood, R. W., Adamo, S. A., & Leach, M. C. (2014). Defining and assessing animal pain. Animal Behaviour, 97, 201\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.007","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"416_CR45","volume-title":"Democracy and political ignorance: Why smaller government is smarter","author":"I Somin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Somin, I. (2016). Democracy and political ignorance: Why smaller government is smarter (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5840\/enviroethics199921315","volume":"21","author":"R Sparrow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sparrow, R. (1999). The ethics of terraforming. Environmental Ethics, 21(3), 227\u2013245.","journal-title":"Environmental Ethics"},{"key":"416_CR47","first-page":"937","volume":"35","author":"KM Swanson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Swanson, K. M. (2001). Carte blanche for cruelty: The non-enforcement of the animal welfare act. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 35, 937.","journal-title":"U. Mich. JL Reform"},{"key":"416_CR48","unstructured":"The Humane League. (2021). The animal welfare act: What it does and who it protects. Available at: https:\/\/thehumaneleague.org\/article\/animal-welfare-act"},{"key":"416_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson, J. J. (1971). A defense of abortion. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 47\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6561-1_6"},{"issue":"3","key":"416_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1556264618804686","volume":"14","author":"M-F Tsan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsan, M.-F. (2018). Measuring the quality and performance of institutional review boards. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 14(3), 187\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1556264618804686","journal-title":"Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics"},{"key":"416_CR51","first-page":"721","volume":"14","author":"ML Vanderau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vanderau, M. L. (2005). Science at any cost: The ineffectiveness and underenforcement of the Animal Welfare Act. Penn State Environmental Law Review, 14, 721.","journal-title":"Penn St. Envtl. l. Rev."},{"key":"416_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrousalis, N. (2013). Exploitation, vulnerability, and social domination. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 131\u2013157.","DOI":"10.1111\/papa.12013"},{"key":"416_CR53","first-page":"861","volume":"101","author":"TJ Zywicki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zywicki, T. J. (2007). Institutional review boards as academic bureaucracies: An economic and experiential analysis. Northwestern University Law Review, 101, 861.","journal-title":"Nw. U. L. Rev."}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00416-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00416-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00416-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T13:27:45Z","timestamp":1671715665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00416-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00416-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1353-3452"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-5546"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}