{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:45:42Z","timestamp":1785566742768,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As more national governments adopt policies addressing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of policy documents on these topics can provide valuable insights into emerging concerns and areas of shared importance. This study critically examines 57 policy documents pertaining to ethical AI originating from 24 distinct countries, employing a combination of computational text mining methods and qualitative content analysis. The primary objective is to methodically identify common themes throughout these policy documents and perform a comparative analysis of the ways in which various governments give priority to crucial matters. A total of nineteen topics were initially retrieved. Through an iterative coding process, six overarching themes were identified: principles, the protection of personal data, governmental roles and responsibilities, procedural guidelines, governance and monitoring mechanisms, and epistemological considerations. Furthermore, the research revealed 31 ethical dilemmas pertaining to AI that had been overlooked previously but are now emerging. These dilemmas have been referred to in different extents throughout the policy documents. This research makes a scholarly contribution to the expanding field of technology policy formulations at the national level by analyzing similarities and differences among countries. Furthermore, this analysis has practical ramifications for policymakers who are attempting to comprehend prevailing trends and potentially neglected domains that demand focus in the ever-evolving field of artificial intelligence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00472-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T17:48:45Z","timestamp":1709833725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Mapping Ethical Artificial Intelligence Policy Landscape: A Mixed Method Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6426-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahereh","family":"Saheb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayebeh","family":"Saheb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"472_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S43681-021-00077-W","volume":"2021","author":"D Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida, D., Shmarko, K., & Lomas, E. (2021). The ethics of facial recognition technologies, surveillance, and accountability in an age of artificial intelligence: A comparative analysis of US, EU, and UK Regulatory Frameworks. AI and Ethics, 2021, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S43681-021-00077-W","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"472_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bostrom, N. (2020). Ethical issues in advanced artificial intelligence. Machine Ethics and Robot Ethics, 69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003074991-7\/ETHICAL-ISSUES-ADVANCED-ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-NICK-BOSTROM.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003074991-7\/ETHICAL-ISSUES-ADVANCED-ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-NICK-BOSTROM"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00296-0","volume":"3","author":"J Cowls","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cowls, J., Tsamados, A., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). A definition, benchmark and database of AI for social good initiatives. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 111\u2013115.","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1198\/000313005X22987","volume":"59","author":"A Davi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davi, A., Haughton, D., Nasr, N., Shah, G., Skaletsky, M., & Spack, R. (2005). A review of two text-mining packages: SAS TextMining and WordStat. The American Statistician, 59(1), 89\u2013103.","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"472_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/SSRN.3518482","author":"J Fjeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fjeld, J., et al. (2020). Principled artificial intelligence: Mapping consensus in ethical and rights-based approaches to principles for AI. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/SSRN.3518482","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09517-8","volume":"30","author":"T Hagendorff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hagendorff, T. (2020). The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30(1), 99\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09517-8","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"472_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.12.014","volume":"105","author":"M Hengstler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hengstler, M., Enkel, E., & Duelli, S. (2016). Applied artificial intelligence and trust\u2014The case of autonomous vehicles and medical assistance devices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105, 105\u2013120.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"472_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hole, K., J., & Ahmad, S. (2021). A thousand brains: Toward biologically constrained AI. SN Applied Sciences 3(8), 743.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04715-0"},{"key":"472_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6894-4","volume":"78","author":"H Jelodar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jelodar, H., Wang, Y., Yuan, C., Feng, X., Jiang, X., Li, Y., & Zhao, L. (2019). Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and topic modeling: Models, applications, a survey. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 78, 15169\u201315211.","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"9","key":"472_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"472_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.02.015","volume":"167","author":"JS Jones-Diette","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jones-Diette, J. S., Dean, R. S., Cobb, M., & Brennan, M. L. (2019). Validation of text-mining and content analysis techniques using data collected from veterinary practice management software systems in the UK. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 167, 61\u201367.","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eax024","volume":"26","author":"J Lindqvist","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lindqvist, J. (2018). New challenges to personal data processing agreements: Is the GDPR fit to deal with contract, accountability and liability in a world of the Internet of Things? International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 26(1), 45\u201363.","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Information Technology"},{"key":"472_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maleh, Y. et al. (2022). Advances in information, communication and cybersecurity\u202f: Proceedings of ICI2C\u201921. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91738-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"472_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/WIDM.1356","volume":"10","author":"E Ntoutsi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ntoutsi, E., et al. (2020). Bias in data-driven artificial intelligence systems\u2014An introductory survey. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(3), e1356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/WIDM.1356","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"472_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.08.329","volume":"113","author":"Y O\u2019Connor","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, Y., Rowan, W., Lynch, L., & Heavin, C. (2017). Privacy by design: Informed consent and internet of things for smart health. Procedia Computer Science, 113, 653\u2013658.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"472_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00402-x","volume":"33","author":"SS \u00d3h\u00c9igeartaigh","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d3h\u00c9igeartaigh, S. S., Whittlestone, J., Liu, Y., Zeng, Y., & Liu, Z. (2020). Overcoming barriers to cross-cultural cooperation in AI ethics and governance. Philosophy & Technology, 33, 571\u2013593.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"472_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastaltzidis, I., Dimitriou, N., Quezada-Tavarez, K., Aidinlis, S., Marquenie, T., Gurzawska, A., & Tzovaras, D. (2022). Data augmentation for fairness-aware machine learning: Preventing algorithmic bias in law enforcement systems. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 2302\u20132314).","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3534644"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/S13244-018-0645-Y\/TABLES\/5","volume":"9","author":"F Pesapane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pesapane, F., et al. (2018). Artificial intelligence as a medical device in radiology: Ethical and regulatory issues in Europe and the United States. Insights into Imaging, 9(5), 745\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13244-018-0645-Y\/TABLES\/5","journal-title":"Insights into Imaging"},{"key":"472_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhudesai, S., Yang, L., Asthana, S., Huan, X., Liao, Q. V., & Banovic, N. (2023). Understanding uncertainty: How lay decision-makers perceive and interpret uncertainty in human-AI decision making. In Proceedings of the 28th international conference on intelligent user interfaces (pp. 379\u2013396).","DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584033"},{"key":"472_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rafanelli, L. M. (2022). Justice, injustice, and artificial intelligence: Lessons from political theory and philosophy. Big Data & Society, 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517221080676.","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221080676"},{"key":"472_CR26","unstructured":"Reia, J., & Brandusescu, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence in the city: Building civic engagement and public trust."},{"key":"472_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, M., Christodoulou, E., Antoniou, J., & Iordanou, K. (2022). An AI ethics \u2018David and Goliath\u2019: Value conflicts between large tech companies and their employees. AI & SOCIETY, (pp.1\u201316).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01430-1"},{"key":"472_CR28","unstructured":"Rubinstein, I. S. (2011). Regulating privacy by design. Berkeley Tech. LJ, 26, p.1409"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-020-00422-9","volume":"10","author":"T Saheb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saheb, T. (2020). An empirical investigation of the adoption of mobile health applications: Integrating big data and social media services. Health and Technology, 10(5), 1063\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12553-020-00422-9","journal-title":"Health and Technology"},{"key":"472_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TECHSOC.2022.101968","volume":"69","author":"T Saheb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saheb, T., et al. (2022). Delineating privacy aspects of COVID tracing applications embedded with proximity measurement technologies & digital technologies. Technology in Society, 69, 101968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TECHSOC.2022.101968","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"472_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPBIOMED.2021.104660","volume":"135","author":"T Saheb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saheb, T., Saheb, T., & Carpenter, D. O. (2021). Mapping research strands of ethics of artificial intelligence in healthcare: A bibliometric and content analysis. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 135, 104660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPBIOMED.2021.104660","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"472_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-019-09502-5","volume":"21","author":"JS Saltz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saltz, J. S., & Dewar, N. (2019). Data science ethical considerations: A systematic literature review and proposed project framework. Ethics and Information Technology, 21, 197\u2013208.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"472_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102331","volume":"60","author":"JR Saura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saura, J. R., Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Palacios-Marqu\u00e9s, D. (2021). From user-generated data to data-driven innovation: A research agenda to understand user privacy in digital markets. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 102331.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR36","first-page":"66","volume":"10","author":"E Slabu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Slabu, E. (2017). Protection of personal data of children, according to the GDPR provisions. Public Administration & Regional Studies, 10(2), 66\u201374.","journal-title":"Public Administration &amp; Regional Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S11948-020-00277-3","volume":"27","author":"C Stix","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stix, C. (2021). Actionable principles for artificial intelligence policy: Three pathways. Science and Engineering Ethics, 27(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11948-020-00277-3","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/15553434221113964","volume":"16","author":"C Textor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Textor, C., Zhang, R., Lopez, J., Schelble, B. G., McNeese, N. J., Freeman, G., Pak, R., Tossell, C., & de Visser, E. J. (2022). Exploring the relationship between ethics and trust in human\u2013artificial intelligence teaming: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 16(4), 252\u2013281.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making"},{"key":"472_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Torabi Asr, F., & Taboada, M. (2019) Big Data and quality data for fake news and misinformation detection. Big Data & Society, 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951719843310","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719843310"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","volume":"8","author":"J Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"472_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419249.3420106","author":"N Van Berkel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Berkel, N., et al. (2020). A systematic assessment of national artificial intelligence policies: Perspectives from the Nordics and beyond. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3419249.3420106","journal-title":"ACM International Conference Proceeding Series"},{"issue":"6","key":"472_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TELPOL.2020.101961","volume":"44","author":"L Vesnic-Alujevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vesnic-Alujevic, L., Nascimento, S., & P\u00f3lvora, A. (2020). Societal and ethical impacts of artificial intelligence: Critical notes on European policy frameworks. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6), 101961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TELPOL.2020.101961","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"key":"472_CR43","unstructured":"Wiedemann, G. (2013). Opening up to big data: Computer-assisted analysis of textual data in social sciences. Historical Social Research\/Historische Sozialforschung, 38(4), 332\u2013357."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00484-2","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000}}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00472-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00472-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00472-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T06:38:14Z","timestamp":1716446294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00472-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00472-6","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00484-2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00484-2","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00484-2","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest situation to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"9"}}