{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:10:20Z","timestamp":1778001020679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["949841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["949841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to its enormous potential, artificial intelligence (AI) can transform healthcare on a seemingly infinite scale. However, as we continue to explore the immense potential of AI, it is vital to consider the ethical concerns associated with its development and deployment. One specific concern that has been flagged in the literature is the responsibility gap (RG) due to the introduction of AI in healthcare. When the use of an AI algorithm or system results in a negative outcome for a patient(s), to whom can or should responsibility for that outcome be assigned? Although the concept of the RG was introduced in Anglo-American and European philosophy, this paper aims to broaden the debate by providing an Ubuntu-inspired perspective on the RG. Ubuntu, deeply rooted in African philosophy, calls for collective responsibility, and offers a uniquely forward-looking approach to address the alleged RG caused by AI in healthcare. An Ubuntu-inspired perspective can serve as a valuable guide and tool when addressing the alleged RG. Incorporating Ubuntu into the AI ethics discourse can contribute to a more ethical and responsible integration of AI in healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00501-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T16:02:14Z","timestamp":1722528134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Responsibility Gap(s) Due to the Introduction of AI in Healthcare: An Ubuntu-Inspired Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4662-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Ferlito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8231-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seppe","family":"Segers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0545-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"De Proost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3029-2158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Mertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6552","key":"501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg1834","volume":"373","author":"B Babic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Babic, B., Gerke, S., Evgeniou, T., & Cohen, I. G. (2021). Beware explanations from AI in health care. Science, 373(6552), 284\u2013286.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111159","volume":"169","author":"M Champendal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Champendal, M., M\u00fcller, H., Prior, J. O., & Dos Reis, C. S. (2023). A scoping review of interpretability and explainability concerning artificial intelligence methods in medical imaging. European Journal of Radiology, 169, 111159.","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/00221678211044554","volume":"62","author":"RK Chigangaidze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chigangaidze, R. K., Matanga, A. A., & Katsuro, T. R. (2022). Ubuntu philosophy as a humanistic-existential framework for the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 62(3), 319\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221678211044554","journal-title":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology"},{"key":"501_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, J. S., Abd Wahab, H., Saad, M. R. M., Roy, P. K., Hamidi, M., & Ahmad, M. M. (2021). Ubuntu philosophy:\u2018I am because we are'\u2013A road to \u2018individualism'to global solidarity. In Handbook of research on the impact of COVID-19 on marginalized populations and support for the future (pp. 361\u2013381). IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-7480-5.ch022"},{"key":"501_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4241-8_12","volume-title":"Bioethics in Cultural Contexts: Reflections on Methods and Finitude","author":"A Cortina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cortina, A. (2006). The public role of bioethics and the role of the public. In\u00a0C. Rehmann-Sutter, M. D\u00fcwell, & D. Mieth (Eds.),\u00a0Bioethics in cultural contexts: Reflections on methods and finitude (pp. 165\u2013174). Springer."},{"issue":"2","key":"501_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00519-1","volume":"35","author":"J Danaher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danaher, J. (2022). Tragic choices and the virtue of techno-responsibility gaps. Philosophy & Technology, 35(2), 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-022-00519-1","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5840\/bpej19991811","volume":"18","author":"M Davis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Davis, M. (1999). Professional responsibility: Just following the rules? Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 18(1), 65\u201387.","journal-title":"Business and Professional Ethics Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00823-w","volume":"6","author":"MN Duffourc","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duffourc, M. N., & Gerke, S. (2023). The proposed EU Directives for AI liability leave worrying gaps likely to impact medical AI. NPJ Digital Medicine, 6(1), 77.","journal-title":"Npj Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"501_CR8","first-page":"329","volume":"47","author":"JM Dur\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, J. M., & Jongsma, K. R. (2021). Who is afraid of black box algorithms? On the epistemological and ethical basis of trust in medical AI. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(5), 329\u2013335.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"501_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00186-0","volume":"3","author":"C Friedman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friedman, C. (2023). Ethical concerns with replacing human relations with humanoid robots: An Ubuntu perspective. AI and Ethics, 3(2), 527\u2013538.","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR11","first-page":"303","volume":"30","author":"CB Gade","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gade, C. B. (2011). The historical development of the written discourses on Ubuntu. South African Journal of Philosophy Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Wysbegeerte, 30(3), 303\u2013329.","journal-title":"South African Journal of Philosophy Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Wysbegeerte"},{"key":"501_CR12","volume-title":"Protecting the vulnerable: A re-analysis of our social responsibilities","author":"RE Goodin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goodin, R. E. (1985). Protecting the vulnerable: A re-analysis of our social responsibilities. University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR13","first-page":"29","volume":"23","author":"D Hall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hall, D., Du Toit, L., & Louw, D. (2013). Feminist ethics of care and Ubuntu. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum, 23(1), 29\u201333.","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum"},{"issue":"2","key":"501_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2022.3213181","volume":"56","author":"K Haresamudram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haresamudram, K., Larsson, S., & Heintz, F. (2023). Three levels of AI transparency. Computer, 56(2), 93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10179-8","volume":"16","author":"V Hassija","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassija, V., Chamola, V., Mahapatra, A., Singal, A., Goel, D., Huang, K., Scardapane, S., Spinelli, I., Mahmud, M., & Hussain, A. (2024). Interpreting black-box models: A review on explainable artificial intelligence. Cognitive Computation, 16(1), 45\u201374.","journal-title":"Cognitive Computation"},{"key":"501_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637487","author":"MI Hossain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hossain, M. I., Zamzmi, G., Mouton, P. R., Salekin, M. S., Sun, Y., & Goldgof, D. (2023). Explainable AI for medical data: Current methods, limitations, and future directions. ACM Computing Surveys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3637487","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"501_CR56","unstructured":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2021). Ethically aligned design: A vision for prioritizing human well-being with autonomous and intelligent systems. http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/develop\/indconn\/ec\/autonomous_systems.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09643-0","volume":"24","author":"P K\u00f6nigs","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00f6nigs, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence and responsibility gaps: What is the problem? Ethics and Information Technology, 24(3), 36.","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00073-z","volume":"2","author":"BH Lang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lang, B. H., Nyholm, S., & Blumenthal-Barby, J. (2023). Responsibility gaps and black box healthcare AI: Shared responsibilization as a solution. Digital Society, 2(3), 52.","journal-title":"Digital Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00454-7","volume":"34","author":"C List","year":"2021","unstructured":"List, C. (2021). Group agency and artificial intelligence. Philosophy Technology, 34(4), 1213\u20131242.","journal-title":"Philosophy Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.973","volume":"49","author":"AJ London","year":"2019","unstructured":"London, A. J. (2019). Artificial intelligence and black-box medical decisions: Accuracy versus explainability. Hastings Center Report, 49(1), 15\u201321.","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-004-3422-1","volume":"6","author":"A Matthias","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matthias, A. (2004). The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(3), 175\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-004-3422-1","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"501_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvk3gkz5","volume-title":"African Philosophy and Thought Systems: A Search for a Culture and Philosophy of Belonging","author":"M Mawere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mawere, M., & Mubaya, T. R. (2016). African philosophy and thought systems: A search for a culture and philosophy of belonging. Langaa Rpcig."},{"issue":"5","key":"501_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/00208728211022787","volume":"64","author":"B Mayaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayaka, B., & Truell, R. (2021). Ubuntu and its potential impact on the international social work profession. International Social Work, 64(5), 649\u2013662.","journal-title":"International Social Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7","volume":"3","author":"A McStay","year":"2023","unstructured":"McStay, A. (2023). Replika in the metaverse: The moral problem with empathy in \u2018It from Bit.\u2019 AI and Ethics, 3(4), 1433\u20131445.","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2020.1849465","volume":"39","author":"C Meske","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meske, C., Bunde, E., Schneider, J., & Gersch, M. (2022). Explainable artificial intelligence: Objectives, stakeholders, and future research opportunities. Information Systems Management, 39(1), 53\u201363.","journal-title":"Information Systems Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2007.00280.x","volume":"15","author":"T Metz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Metz, T. (2007). Toward an African moral theory. Journal of Political Philosophy, 15(3), 321\u2013341.","journal-title":"Journal of Political Philosophy"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-022-09874-2","volume":"42","author":"S Mhlambi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mhlambi, S., & Tiribelli, S. (2023). Decolonizing AI ethics: Relational autonomy as a means to counter AI harms. Topoi, 42(3), 867\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-022-09874-2","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.15678\/EBER.2018.060312","volume":"6","author":"T Molose","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molose, T., Goldman, G., & Thomas, P. (2018). Towards a collective-values framework of Ubuntu: Implications for workplace commitment. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6(3), 193\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15678\/EBER.2018.060312","journal-title":"Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-021-00680-w","volume":"22","author":"R M\u00fcller","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, R., Rach, C., & Salloch, S. (2021). Collective forward-looking responsibility of patient advocacy organizations: Conceptual and ethical analysis. BMC Medical Ethics, 22(1), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Ethics"},{"key":"501_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350196537","volume-title":"African Philosophy: Emancipation and Practice","author":"P Mungwini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mungwini, P. (2022). African philosophy: Emancipation and practice. Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-021-00577-8","volume":"22","author":"K Murphy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy, K., Di Ruggiero, E., Upshur, R., Willison, D. J., Malhotra, N., Cai, J. C., Malhotra, N., Lui, V., & Gibson, J. (2021). Artificial intelligence for good health: A scoping review of the ethics literature. BMC Medical Ethics, 22(1), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Ethics"},{"key":"501_CR32","volume-title":"Introduction to AI Robotics","author":"RR Murphy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murphy, R. R. (2019). Introduction to AI robotics. MIT press."},{"issue":"1","key":"501_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/15358593.2021.2024871","volume":"22","author":"PS Ngondo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ngondo, P. S., & Klyueva, A. (2022). Toward an Ubuntu-centered approach to health communication theory and practice. Review of Communication, 22(1), 25\u201341.","journal-title":"Review of Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1162\/152417303322004175","volume":"4","author":"B Nussbaum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nussbaum, B. (2003). Ubuntu: Reflections of a South African on our common humanity. Reflections, 4(4), 21\u201326.","journal-title":"Reflections"},{"key":"501_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-017-9943-x","volume":"24","author":"S Nyholm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nyholm, S. (2017). Attributing agency to automated systems: Refections on human\u2013robot collaborations and responsibility-loci. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24, 1201\u20131219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-017-9943-x","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"501_CR57","unstructured":"Nzimakwe, T. I. (2014). Practising Ubuntu and leadership for good governance: The South African and continental dialogue. African Journal of Public Affairs,7(4), 30\u201341."},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR36","first-page":"367","volume":"27","author":"L Praeg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Praeg, L. (2008). An answer to the question: What is [Ubuntu]? South African Journal of Philosophy \/ Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Wysbegeerte, 27(4), 367\u2013385.","journal-title":"South African Journal of Philosophy Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Wysbegeerte"},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00141-z","volume":"2","author":"E Ratti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ratti, E., & Graves, M. (2022). Explainable machine learning practices: Opening another black box for reliable medical AI. AI and Ethics, 2(4), 801\u2013814.","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"501_CR58","unstructured":"Sander-Staudt, M. (2011). Care ethics. In J. Fieser & B. Dowden (Eds.) Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Routledge. https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/care-ethics\/"},{"key":"501_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00450-x","volume":"34","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio, F., & Mecacci, G. (2021). Four responsibility gaps with artificial intelligence: Why they matter and how to address them. Philosophy Technology, 34, 1057\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-021-00450-x","journal-title":"Philosophy Technology"},{"key":"501_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015","volume":"5","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio, F., & van den Hoven, J. (2018). Meaningful human control over autonomous systems: A philosophical account. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 5, 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"501_CR40","volume-title":"What we owe to each other","author":"T Scanlon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scanlon, T. (1998). What we owe to each other. Harvard University."},{"issue":"11","key":"501_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NUMA.0000526062.69220.41","volume":"48","author":"J Sensmeier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sensmeier, J. (2017). Harnessing the power of artificial intelligence. Nursing Management, 48(11), 14\u201319.","journal-title":"Nursing Management"},{"key":"501_CR59","unstructured":"Smiley, M. (2023). Collective responsibility. In E.N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Eds.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/collective-responsibility\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.2307\/1954312","volume":"74","author":"DF Thompson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Thompson, D. F. (1980). Moral responsibility of public officials: The problem of many hands. American Political Science Review, 74(4), 905\u2013916.","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"501_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00414-7","volume":"34","author":"DW Tigard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tigard, D. W. (2021). There is no techno-responsibility gap. Philosophy Technology, 34(3), 589\u2013607.","journal-title":"Philosophy Technology"},{"key":"501_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81907-1_8","volume-title":"Ethics, Governance, and Policies in Artificial Intelligence","author":"A Tsamados","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsamados, A., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Roberts, H., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). The ethics of algorithms: Key problems and solutions. In L. Floridi (Ed.), Ethics, governance, and policies in artificial intelligence (pp. 97\u2013123). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81907-1_8"},{"key":"501_CR46","volume-title":"Analysing Technological Colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Making a Case for a Combined Approach to the Design of AI Technology","author":"ET Ugar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ugar, E. T. (2022). Analysing technological colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Making a case for a combined approach to the design of AI technology. University of Johannesburg."},{"key":"501_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09483-0_428","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics","author":"PO Ujomudike","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ujomudike, P. O. (2016). Ubuntu ethics. In H. ten Have (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global bioethics (pp. 2869\u20132881). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-09483-0_428"},{"key":"501_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SPED.0000024428.29295.03","volume":"23","author":"E Venter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Venter, E. (2004). The notion of Ubuntu and communalism in African educational discourse. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 23, 149\u2013160.","journal-title":"Studies in Philosophy and Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"501_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00477-0","volume":"34","author":"WJ von Eschenbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"von Eschenbach, W. J. (2021). Transparency and the black box problem: Why we do not trust AI. Philosophy & Technology, 34(4), 1607\u20131622.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"501_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2021-107529","volume":"48","author":"JJ Wadden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wadden, J. J. (2022). Defining the undefinable: The black box problem in healthcare artificial intelligence. Journal of Medical Ethics, 48(10), 764\u2013768.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"501_CR51","volume-title":"Moral Understandings: A Feminist Study in Ethics","author":"MU Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker, M. U. (2007). Moral understandings: A feminist study in ethics. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"501_CR52","volume-title":"Shame and Necessity","author":"B Williams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Williams, B. (1999). Shame and necessity. University of California Press."},{"key":"501_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195392388.001.0001","volume-title":"Responsibility for Justice","author":"M Young","year":"2011","unstructured":"Young, M. (2011). Responsibility for justice. Oxford University Press."}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00501-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00501-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00501-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T09:25:03Z","timestamp":1725009903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00501-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00501-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}