{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:13:28Z","timestamp":1780388008803,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Engineers make decisions with global impacts and empathy can motivate ethical reasoning and behavior that is sensitive to the needs and perspectives of stakeholders across the globe. Microethics and macroethics offer two frames of reference for engineering ethics education, but different dimensions of empathy play distinct roles in micro- and macroethics. Microethics emphasizes individual responsibility and interpersonal relationships whereas macroethics emphasizes societal obligations and impacts. While empathy can support ethical reasoning and behavior for each, in this paper I argue that affective empathy plays a primary (but not exclusive) role in microethics whereas cognitive empathy plays a primary role in macroethics. Gilligan\u2019s and Kohlberg\u2019s theories of moral development are used to further depict how affective empathy aligns with care (depicted as an interpersonal phenomenon) and how cognitive empathy aligns with justice (depicted as a systems-focused phenomenon), thus positioning these ethical principles as playing primary (but again, not exclusive) roles in micro- and macro-ethics, respectively. Building on these ideas, this study generates a framework that describes and visualizes how empathy manifests across six frames of reference, each of which are increasingly macro-ethical in nature: self, team, operators, participants, bystanders, and future generations. The paper describes how proxy stakeholders can be identified, developed, and leveraged to empathize with stakeholder groups. Taken together, the manuscript seeks to clarify the role of empathy in engineering ethics and can enable engineering students to better empathize with the range of stakeholders impacted by engineering decisions, ranging from one\u2019s self to stakeholders across the globe. The intrapersonal understandings and motivations that students generate by empathizing across six frames of reference can facilitate ethical reasoning processes and behaviors that are more inclusive and comprehensive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00512-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T15:20:30Z","timestamp":1732548030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Empathy\u2019s Role in Engineering Ethics: Empathizing with One\u2019s Self to Others Across the Globe"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin L","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"512_CR1","unstructured":"ABET (2024). Criteria for accrediting engineering programs, 2023\u20132024. Retrieved May 6, 2024 from https:\/\/www.abet.org\/accreditation\/accreditation-criteria\/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2023-2024\/"},{"key":"512_CR69","unstructured":"Adlin, T., & Pruitt, J. (2006). The essential persona lifecycle: Your guide to building and using personas. Morgan Kaufman."},{"issue":"2","key":"512_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2014.11.004","volume":"52","author":"AE Akg\u00fcn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akg\u00fcn, A. E., Keskin, H., Cebecioglu, A. Y., & Dogan, D. (2015). Antecedents and consequences of collective empathy in software development project teams. Information & Management, 52(2), 247\u2013259.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"512_CR3","unstructured":"Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Perseus Publishing."},{"key":"512_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzayed, M. A., Miller, S. R., Menold, J., Huff, J., & McComb, C. (2020). Can design teams be empathically creative? A simulation-based investigation on the role of team empathy on concept generation and selection. In 32nd international conference on design theory and methodology (DTM), Virtual.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2020-22432"},{"key":"512_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apfelbaum, M., Sharp, K., & Dong, A. (2021). Exploring empathy in student design teams. In Proceedings of the ASME 2021 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2021-67912"},{"key":"512_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomenon. In J. Decety, & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3\u201315). MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262012973.003.0002"},{"key":"512_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielefeldt, A. R. (2020). Listening to community voices as part of ethical civil engineering: Experiences in civil engineering courses. In 2020 ASEE virtual annual conference content access, Virtual.","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2--34930"},{"key":"512_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-017-3677-1","volume":"157","author":"M Cartabuke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cartabuke, M., Westerman, J. W., Bergman, J. Z., Whitaker, B. G., Westerman, J., & Beekun, R. I. (2019). Empathy as an antecedent of social justice attitudes and perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 157, 605\u2013615.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"512_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cech, E. A. (2014). Culture of disengagement in engineering education? Science, Technology, & Human Values, 39(1), 42\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0162243913504305","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243913504305"},{"issue":"1","key":"512_CR10","first-page":"29","volume":"17","author":"M Chew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chew, M. (2017). The Ohio Valley\u2019s nuclear moment: Marble Hill and Madison, Indiana. Ohio Valley History, 17(1), 29\u201351.","journal-title":"Ohio Valley History"},{"issue":"2","key":"512_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2348","volume":"40","author":"MA Clark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clark, M. A., Robertson, M. M., & Young, S. (2019). I feel your pain: A critical review of organizational research on empathy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(2), 166\u2013192.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"512_CR12","unstructured":"Cooper, A. (2004). The inmates are running the asylum: Why high-tech products drive us crazy and how to restore the sanity. Sams Publishing."},{"issue":"2","key":"512_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914558466","volume":"8","author":"BM Cuff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cuff, B. M., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144\u2013153.","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"512_CR14","unstructured":"Davis, M. (1991). Thinking like an engineer: The place of a code of ethics in the practice of a profession. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 20, 150\u2013167."},{"key":"512_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, M. H. (2006). Empathy. In Handbook of the sociology of emotions (pp. 443\u2013466). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30715-2_20"},{"key":"512_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De George, R. T. (2017). Ethical responsibilities of engineers in large organizations: The Pinto case. In Michael Davis (Ed.), Engineering ethics (pp. 325\u2013338). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315256474-29"},{"key":"512_CR17","unstructured":"de Waal, F. (2009). The age of empathy: Nature\u2019s lessons for a kinder society. Harmony Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"512_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582304267187","volume":"3","author":"J Decety","year":"2004","unstructured":"Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71\u2013100.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews"},{"key":"512_CR19","unstructured":"Doherty, M. (2012). Theory of mind. In L. McHugh, & I. Stewart (Eds.), The self and perspective taking: Contributions and applications from modern behavioral science (pp. 91\u2013108). New Harbinger."},{"key":"512_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, J. C. (2013). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt (3rd edn.). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199976171.001.0001"},{"key":"512_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women\u2019s development. Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674037618"},{"key":"512_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, T. E., & Kelly, W. E. (2019). Calling engineers to rise to the challenges of meeting the United Nations sustainable development goals (UN SDGs). In International conference on sustainable infrastructure 2019 (pp. 441\u2013446). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482650.047"},{"key":"512_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-001-0062-2","volume":"7","author":"JR Herkert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herkert, J. R. (2001). Future directions in engineering ethics research: Microethics, macroethics and the role of professional societies. Science and Engineering Ethics, 7, 403\u2013414.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"512_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-005-0006-3","volume":"11","author":"JR Herkert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herkert, J. R. (2005). Ways of thinking about and teaching ethical problem solving: Microethics and macroethics in engineering. Science and Engineering Ethics, 11, 373\u2013385.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"512_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herkert, J. R., Benya, F., Ellison, K., Hollander, R., Laas, K., & Raghavan, S. L. (2015). The online resource center for ethics education in engineering and science. American Society for Engineering Education.","DOI":"10.18260\/p.24897"},{"key":"512_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess, J. L., & Fila, N. D. (2016). The development and growth of empathy among engineering students. In American society for engineering education annual conference, New Orleans, LA.","DOI":"10.18260\/p.26120"},{"key":"512_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess, J. L., Beever, J., Strobel, J., & Brightman, A. O. (2017). Empathic perspective-taking and ethical decision-making in engineering ethics education. In D. Michelfelder, B. Newberry, & Q. Zhu (Eds.), Philosophy and engineering: Exploring boundaries, expanding connections (pp. 163\u2013179). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45193-0_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"512_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20249","volume":"108","author":"JL Hess","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hess, J. L., Beever, J., Zoltowski, C. B., Kisselburgh, L., & Brightman, A. O. (2019). Enhancing engineering students\u2019 ethical reasoning: Situating reflexive principlism within the SIRA framework. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(1), 82\u2013102.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"512_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805851"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"512_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/027046769101100405","volume":"11","author":"R Hudspith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hudspith, R. (1991). Broadening the scope of engineering ethics: From microethics to macroethics. Bulletin of Science Technology & Society, 11(4\u20135), 208\u2013211.","journal-title":"Bulletin of Science Technology & Society"},{"key":"512_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ickes, W. (2009). Empathic accuracy: Its links to clinical, cognitive, developmental, social, and physiological psychology. In J. Decety (Ed.), The social neuroscience of empathy. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262012973.003.0006"},{"key":"512_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islind, A. S., Lundin, J., Cerna, K., Lindroth, T., \u00c5keflo, L., & Steineck, G. (2023). Proxy design: A method for involving proxy users to speak on behalf of vulnerable or unreachable users in co-design. Information Technology & People.","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-07-2021-0539"},{"issue":"2","key":"512_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/03057240600681710","volume":"35","author":"G Jorgensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jorgensen, G. (2006). Kohlberg and Gilligan: Duet or duel? Journal of Moral Education, 35(2), 179\u2013196.","journal-title":"Journal of Moral Education"},{"key":"512_CR34","unstructured":"Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues (pp. 31\u201353). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston."},{"key":"512_CR35","unstructured":"Kohlberg, L. (1984). Psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages (1st edn., Vol. II). Harper & Row."},{"issue":"5","key":"512_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820902875033","volume":"20","author":"M Kouprie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kouprie, M., & Sleeswijk Visser, F. (2009). A framework for empathy in design: Stepping into and out of the user\u2019s life. Journal of Engineering Design, 20(5), 437\u2013448.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Design"},{"issue":"2","key":"512_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2011.609893","volume":"7","author":"D Kwok-leung Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwok-leung Ho, D., Ma, J., & Lee, Y. (2011). Empathy @ design research: A phenomenological study on young people experiencing participatory design for social inclusion. CoDesign, 7(2), 95\u2013106.","journal-title":"CoDesign"},{"key":"512_CR39","unstructured":"Ladd, J. (1980). The quest for a code of professional ethics: An intellectural and moral confusion. In R. Chalk, M. S. Frankel, & S. B. Chafer (Eds.), AAAS professional ethics project: Professional ethics activities in the scientific and engineering societies (pp. 154\u2013159). AAAS."},{"key":"512_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrinidou, Y., Rhoads, W. J., Roy, S., Heaney, E., Ratajczak, G., & Ratajczak, J. (2014). Ethnography in engineering ethics education: A pedagogy for transformational listening. In ASEE annual conference & exposition, Indianapolis, IN.","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2--20433"},{"key":"512_CR41","unstructured":"LaPatin, M. L., Poleacovschi, C., Padgett Walsh, K., Feinstein, S. G., Rutherford, C., Nguyen, L. M., Faust, K. M., & Verses, L. (2021). What role do civil engineering students see for their profession in the COVID-19 response? In ASEE annual conference & exposition, Virtual."},{"issue":"4","key":"512_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.001","volume":"29","author":"E Lawrence","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lawrence, E., Shaw, P., Giampietro, V., Surguladze, S., Brammer, M., & David, A. (2006). The role of \u2018shared representations\u2019 in social perception and empathy: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 29(4), 1173\u20131184.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"512_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2009.2032383","volume":"52","author":"JA Leydens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leydens, J. A., & Lucena, J. C. (2009). Listening as a missing dimension in engineering education: Implications for sustainable community development efforts. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 52(4), 359\u2013376.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication"},{"key":"512_CR44","unstructured":"Luca, J., & Tarricone, P. (2001). Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? In Meeting at the crossroads. In Proceedings of the 18th annual conference of the Australasian society for computers in learning in tertiary education. Melbourne, Australia, 9\u201312 December 2001."},{"issue":"1","key":"512_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/22054952.2021.1914297","volume":"26","author":"DA Martin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin, D. A., Conlon, E., & Bowe, B. (2021). Using case studies in engineering ethics education: The case for immersive scenarios through stakeholder engagement and real life data. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 26(1), 47\u201363.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"512_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-023-00441-5","volume":"29","author":"A McAninch","year":"2023","unstructured":"McAninch, A. (2023). Go big or go home? A new case for integrating microethics and macroethics in engineering ethics education. Science and Engineering Ethics, 29(3), 20.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"512_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2307\/259247","volume":"22","author":"RK Mitchell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853\u2013886.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"512_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20284","volume":"108","author":"DE Naphan-Kingery","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naphan-Kingery, D. E., Miles, M., Brockman, A., McKane, R., Botchway, P., & McGee, E. (2019). Investigation of an equity ethic in engineering and computing doctoral students. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(3), 337\u2013354.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"512_CR49","unstructured":"Oxley, J. C. (2011). The moral dimensions of empathy: Limits and applications in ethical theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"512_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrow, C. (1999). Normal accidents: Living with high-risk technologies. Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400828494"},{"key":"512_CR52","unstructured":"Pritchard, M. (1992). Disposing of toxic waste. https:\/\/onlineethics.org\/cases\/cases-teaching-engineering-ethics\/disposing-toxic-waste"},{"key":"512_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawls, J. (1999, Originally 1972). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042582"},{"issue":"4","key":"512_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/713679390","volume":"29","author":"JR Rest","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Thoma, S. J., & Bebeau, M. J. (2000). A neo-kohlbergian approach to morality research. Journal of Moral Education, 29(4), 381\u2013395.","journal-title":"Journal of Moral Education"},{"key":"512_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley, D., & Lambrinidou, Y. (2015). Canons against cannons? Social justice and the engineering ethics imaginary. American Society for Engineering Education.","DOI":"10.18260\/p.23661"},{"key":"512_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s42330-019-00073-7","volume":"20","author":"C Rottmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rottmann, C., & Reeve, D. (2020). Equity as rebar: Bridging the micro\/macro divide in engineering ethics education. Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education, 20, 146\u2013165.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education"},{"key":"512_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholes, E., & Clutterbuck, D. (1998). Communication with stakeholders: An integrated approach. Long Range Planning, 31(2), 227\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(98)00007-7"},{"key":"512_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Segal, E. A. (2011). Social empathy: A model built on empathy, contextual understanding, and social responsibility that promotes social justice. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 266\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01488376.2011.564040","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2011.564040"},{"key":"512_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J. M. (2021). Extracting accountability: Engineers and corporate social responsibility. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12677.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"512_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/19378629.2013.814136","volume":"5","author":"J Strobel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strobel, J., Hess, J. L., Pan, R. C., & Wachter Morris, C. A. (2013). Empathy and care within engineering: Qualitative perspectives from engineering faculty and practicing engineers. Engineering Studies, 5(3), 137\u2013159.","journal-title":"Engineering Studies"},{"key":"512_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swan, C., Kulich, A., & Wallace, R. (2019). A review of ethics cases: Gaps in the engineering curriculum. In 2019 ASEE annual conference & exposition, Tampa, FL.","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2--31988"},{"key":"512_CR60","unstructured":"Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Routledge."},{"key":"512_CR61","unstructured":"Unger, S. H. (1982). Controlling technology: Ethics and the responsible engineer. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston."},{"key":"512_CR62","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development."},{"issue":"10","key":"512_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741211279648","volume":"50","author":"E Wagner Mainardes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wagner Mainardes, E., Alves, H., & Raposo, M. (2012). A model for stakeholder classification and stakeholder relationships. Management Decision, 50(10), 1861\u20131879.","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"key":"512_CR66","unstructured":"Walther, J., Miller, S. I., & Kellam, N. N. (2012). Exploring the role of empathy in engineering communication through a trans-disciplinary dialogue. In American society for engineering education annual conference, San Antonio, TX."},{"issue":"1","key":"512_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20159","volume":"106","author":"J Walther","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walther, J., Miller, S. E., & Sochacka, N. W. (2017). A model of empathy in engineering as a core skill, practice orientation, and professional way of being. Journal of Engineering Education, 106(1), 123\u2013148.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"512_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20301","volume":"109","author":"J Walther","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walther, J., Brewer, M. A., Sochacka, N. W., & Miller, S. E. (2020). Empathy and engineering formation. Journal of Engineering Education, 109(1), 11\u201333.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"512_CR67","unstructured":"Yong, E. (2016). Self-control is just empathy with your future self. The Atlantic."}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00512-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00512-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00512-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T12:10:45Z","timestamp":1734523845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00512-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00512-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"57"}}