{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:04:37Z","timestamp":1771956277408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-025-00546-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T15:16:11Z","timestamp":1764774971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues at the Intersection of National Security, Artificial Intelligence, and Human Performance Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake","family":"Hereth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9777-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"de Boisboissel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5080-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin CM","family":"Bricknell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Brincker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Casebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8998-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Davidovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Eisikovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas Fran\u00e7a","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5572-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2956-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Henschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Latheef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5262-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4759-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Shane","family":"Peebles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"T Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5259-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shira","family":"Pindyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1259-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Rudyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nariyoshi","family":"Shinomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil D","family":"Shortland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6093-9456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Stramondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6789-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Tabouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7967-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Tubig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Whetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674984943","volume-title":"Bring the war home: The white power movement and paramilitary america","author":"K. Belew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belew, K. (2018). Bring the war home: The white power movement and paramilitary america (First ed.). Harvard University Press.","edition":"First"},{"issue":"10","key":"546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.10.007","volume":"24","author":"D. C. Billing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Billing, D. C., Fordy, G. R., Friedl, K. E., & Hasselstr\u00f8m, H. (2021). The implications of emerging technology on military human performance research priorities. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(10), 947\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.10.007","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"issue":"6250","key":"546_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab0713","volume":"349","author":"C. Boddie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boddie, C., Watson, M., Ackerman, G., & Gronvall, G. K. (2015). Assessing the bioweapons threat. Science, 349(6250), 792\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aab0713","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"546_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30247","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.30247","volume":"6","author":"B. C. Wintle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wintle, B. C., Boehm, C. R., Rhodes, C., Molloy, J. C., Millett, P., Adam, L., Breitling, R., Carlson, R., Casagrande, R., Dando, M., Doubleday, R., Drexler, E., Edwards, B., Ellis, T., Evans, N. G., Hammond, R., Haseloff, J., Kahl, L., Kuiken, T.,\u2026 Sutherland, W. J. (2017). Point of view: A transatlantic perspective on 20 emerging issues in biological engineering. eLife, 6, e30247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.30247.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"4","key":"546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/ia\/iiac114","volume":"98","author":"L. R. Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, L. R., & Considine, L. (2022). Examining \u2018Gender-Sensitive\u2019 approaches to nuclear weapons policy: A study of the non-proliferation treaty. International Affairs, 98(4), 1249\u20131266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiac114","journal-title":"International Affairs"},{"key":"546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715622512","volume":"3","author":"J. Burrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burrell, J. (2016). How the machine \u2018Thinks\u2019: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data and Society, 3, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951715622512.","journal-title":"Big Data and Society"},{"key":"546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047","volume":"5","author":"A. Chouldechova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chouldechova, A. (2017). Fair prediction with disparate intent: A study in bias in recidivism prediction instruments. Big Data, 5, 153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/big.2016.0047.","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2020.100513","volume":"14","author":"M. Dando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dando, M. (2020). Neuroethics beyond the laboratory door: The new state-level brain research projects and the problem of dual use. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 14, 100513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemep.2020.100513","journal-title":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"546_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01692-8","volume":"28","author":"P. B. Davis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davis, P. B., Meagher, E. A., Pomeroy, C., Lowe, W. L., Rubenstein, A. H., Wu, J. Y., Curtis, A. B., & Jackson, R. D. (2022). Pandemic-related barriers to the success of women in research: A framework for action. Nature Medicine, 28(3), 436\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01692-8","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"546_CR11","unstructured":"Department of Defense (2022). U.S. department of defense: Responsible artificial intelligence strategy and implementation pathway. U.S. Department of Defense, https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Jun\/22\/2003022604\/-1\/-1\/0\/Department-of-Defense-Responsible-Artificial-Intelligence-Strategy-and-Implementation-Pathway.PDF."},{"key":"546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dobos, N. (2023). Pharmacological prophylaxes against moral injury. Monash Bioethics Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40592-022-00167-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-022-00167-3"},{"key":"546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154184","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1154184","volume":"6","author":"B. Dresp-Langley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dresp-Langley, B. (2023). The weaponization of artificial intelligence: What the public needs to be aware of. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 6, 1154184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2023.1154184","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao5580","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao5580","volume":"4","author":"J. Dressel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dressel, J., & Farid, A. H. (2018). The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism. Science Advances, 4, eaao5580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aao5580.","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"546_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429447259","volume-title":"The ethics of neuroscience and national security","author":"N. G. Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans, N. G. (2021). The ethics of neuroscience and national security. Routledge. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/The-Ethics-of-Neuroscience-and-National-Security\/Evans\/p\/book\/9781138331532."},{"key":"546_CR16","unstructured":"Evans, N. G., et al., Emerging Ethical Considerations for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology, 0 Ophthalmology Science (2022), https:\/\/www.ophthalmologyscience.org\/article\/S2666-9145(22)00030-6\/fulltext."},{"issue":"11","key":"546_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2019-105732","volume":"47","author":"N. G. Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans, N. G., Reynolds, J. M., & Johnson, K. R. (2021). Moving through capacity space: Mapping disability and enhancement. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(11), 748\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2019-105732","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"546_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/10736700.2019.1662609","volume":"26","author":"N. G. Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans, N. G. (2019). Models of scientific and technological review for the biological and toxin weapons convention. The Nonproliferation Review, 26(3\u20134), 351\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10736700.2019.1662609","journal-title":"The Nonproliferation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00225.x","volume":"27","author":"J. L. A. Garcia","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garcia, J. L. A. (1996). The heart of racism. Journal of Social Philosophy, 27(1), 5\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00225.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Philosophy"},{"key":"546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gehlhaus, D., Hodge, R., Koslosky, L., Goode, K., & Rotner, J. (2021). The DoD\u2019s hidden artificial intelligence workforce: Leveraging talent at the U.S. department of defense. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51593\/20210013.","DOI":"10.51593\/20210013"},{"key":"546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2017.1320319","volume":"8","author":"F. Gilbert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gilbert, F., Goddard, E., Via\u00f1a, J. M. N., Carter, A., & Horne, M. (2017). \u2018I miss being me\u2019: Phenomenological effects of deep brain stimulation. American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience, 8, 96\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21507740.2017.1320319.","journal-title":"American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience"},{"key":"546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-017-0001-5","volume":"25","author":"F. Gilbert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilbert, F., et al. (2019b). Embodiment and estrangement: Results from a first-in-human \u2018intelligent BCI\u2019 trial. Science and Engineering Ethics, 25, 83\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-017-0001-5.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-018-9373-8","volume":"14","author":"F. Gilbert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilbert, F., Via\u00f1a, J. M. N., & Ineichen, C. (2021). Deflating the \u2018DBS causes personality changes\u2019 bubble. Neuroethics, 14, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12152-018-9373-8.","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180117000640","volume":"27","author":"F. Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert, F., O\u2019Brien, T., & Cook, M. (2018). The effects of closed-loop brain implants on autonomy and deliberation: What are the risks of being kept in the loop? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 27, 316\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0963180117000640.","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"key":"546_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.01.009","volume":"130","author":"T. F. Giustino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giustino, T. F., Fitzgerald, P. J., & Maren, S. (2016). Revisiting propranolol and PTSD: Memory erasure or extinction enhancement? Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 130, 26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.01.009.","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"546_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105225","volume":"9","author":"C. Grau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grau, C., Ginhoux, R., Riera, A., Nguyen, T. L., Chauvat, H., Berg, M., et al. (2014). Conscious brain-to-brain communication in humans using non-invasive technologies. PLoS One, 9, e105225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0105225.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"546_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198248431.001.0001","volume-title":"Well-being. Its meaning, measurement, and moral importance","author":"J. Griffin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Griffin, J. (1988). Well-being. Its meaning, measurement, and moral importance. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"546_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2016.02.008","volume":"33","author":"A. M. Hanea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hanea, A. M., McBride, M. F., Burgman, M. A., Wintle, B. C., Fidler, F., et al. (2017). Investigate discuss estimate aggregate for structure expert judgment. International Journal of Forecasting, 33, 267\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2016.02.008.","journal-title":"International Journal of Forecasting"},{"key":"546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67266-3_10","volume-title":"Dehumanization of warfare","author":"H. Dinniss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinniss, H., Heather, A., & Kleffner, J. K. (2018). Soldier 2.0: Military human enhancement and international law. In W. H. V. Heinegg, R. Frau, & T. Singer (Eds.), Dehumanization of warfare (pp. 163\u2013205). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-67266-3_10."},{"key":"546_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2018-001140","volume":"165","author":"A. Henschke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henschke, A. (2019). Militaries and the duty of care to enhanced veterans. BMJ Military Health, 165, 220\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2018-001140.","journal-title":"BMJ Military Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"546_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180122000421","volume":"31","author":"B. Hereth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hereth, B., & Evans, N. (2022). Can we justify military enhancements? Some yes, most no. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 31(4), 557\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0963180122000421","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"key":"546_CR33","volume-title":"Ethical dilemmas in the global defense industry","author":"B. Hereth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hereth, B., & Evans, N. (2023). Make them rare or make them care: Artificial intelligence and moral cost-sharing. In D. Schoeni, T. Vestner, & K. Govern (Eds.), Ethical dilemmas in the global defense industry. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"546_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41895-7","volume":"9","author":"L. Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Stocco, A., Losey, D. M., Abernathy, J. A., Prat, C. S., & Rao, R. P. N. (2019). Brainnet: A multi-person brain-to-brain interface for direct collaboration between brains. Scientific Reports, 9, 6115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-41895-7.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A. Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of ai ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1, 389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2.","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"546_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.08.014","volume":"1","author":"M. C. Kennicutt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kennicutt, M. C., Bromwich, D., Liggett, D., Nj\u00e5stad, B., Peck, L., et al. (2019). Sustained antarctic research: A 21st century imperative. One Earth, 1, 95\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.08.014","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"546_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102014000674","volume":"27","author":"M. C. Kennicutt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kennicutt, M. C., Chown, S. L., Cassano, J. J., Liggett, D., Peck, L. S., et al. (2015). A roadmap for Antarctic and southern ocean science for the next two decades and beyond. Antarctic Science, 27, 3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954102014000674","journal-title":"Antarctic Science"},{"key":"546_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/512023a","volume":"512","author":"M. C. Kennicutt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kennicutt, M. C., Chown, S. L., Cassano, J. J., Liggett, D., Massom, R., et al. (2014). Polar research: Six priorities for antarctic science. Nature, 512, 23\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/512023a.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"546_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4107-1_16","volume-title":"Managing nano-bio-info-cogno innovations","author":"G. Khushf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khushf, G. (2006). An ethic for enhancing human performance through integrative technologies. In WILLIAM SIMS BAINBRIDGE and MIHAIL C. ROCO (Eds.), Managing nano-bio-info-cogno innovations (pp. 255\u2013278). Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/1-4020-4107-1_16."},{"key":"546_CR40","first-page":"1561","volume":"59","author":"A. J. Kolber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kolber, A. J. (2006). Therapeutic forgetting: The legal and ethical implications of memory dampening. Vanderbilt Law Review, 59, 1561. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=887061.","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Law Review"},{"key":"546_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/philosophies5030013","volume":"5","author":"S. Latheef","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latheef, S., & Henschke, A. (2020). Can a soldier say no to an enhancing intervention? Philosophies, 5, 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/philosophies5030013.","journal-title":"Philosophies"},{"key":"546_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latheef, S. (2022). Brain to brain interfaces (BBIs) in future military operations: Blurring the boundaries of individual responsibility. Monash Bioethics Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40592-022-00171-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-022-00171-7"},{"key":"546_CR43","volume-title":"Tanner Lecture: AI and human values","author":"S. Lazar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lazar, S. (24-26 January 2023). Tanner Lecture: AI and human values. Stanford University. https:\/\/hai.stanford.edu\/events\/tanner-lecture-ai-and-human-values-seth-lazar."},{"key":"546_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54489","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54489","volume":"9","author":"L. Kemp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kemp, L., Adam, L., Boehm, C. R., Breitling, R., Casagrande, R., Dando, M., Djikeng, A., Evans, N. G., Hammond, R., Hills, K., Holt, L. A., Kuiken, T., Markoti\u0107, A., Millett, P., Napier, J. A., Nelson, C., \u00d3h\u00e9igeartaigh, S. S., Osbourn, A., Palmer, M. J.,\u2026 Sutherland, W. J. (2020). Point of view: Bioengineering horizon scan 2020. eLife, 9, e54489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.54489.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"2","key":"546_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/21507741003699256","volume":"1","author":"J. H. Marks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marks, J. H. (April 2010). A neuroskeptic\u2019s guide to neuroethics and national security. AJOB Neuroscience, 1(2), 4\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21507741003699256.","journal-title":"AJOB Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"546_CR46","first-page":"11","volume":"7","author":"R. McCreight","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCreight, R. (2013). Convergent technologies and future strategic security threats. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 7(4), 11\u201319.","journal-title":"Strategic Studies Quarterly"},{"key":"546_CR47","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence and information: A multidisciplinary perspective","author":"T. Miletic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miletic, T., & Gilbert, F. (2020). Does AI brain implant compromise agency? examining potential harms of brain-computer interfaces on self-determination. In S. S. Gouveia & J. F. Teixeira (eds), Artificial intelligence and information: A multidisciplinary perspective. Vernon Press."},{"key":"546_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.07.019","volume":"244","author":"R. A. Miranda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miranda, R. A., Casebeer, W. D., Hein, A. M., Judy, J. W., Krotkov, E. P., Laabs, T. L., Manzo, J. E., et al. (2015). DARPA-funded efforts in the development of novel brain\u2013computer interface technologies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 244(April 2015), 52\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.07.019.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"546_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700616114","volume":"114","author":"M. W. Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen, M. W., Alegria, S., B\u00f6rjeson, L., Etzkowitz, H., Falk-Krzesinski, H. J., Joshi, A., Leahey, E., Smith-Doerr, L., Woolley, A. W., & Schiebinger, L. (2017). Gender diversity leads to better science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(8), 1740\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1700616114","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"546_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2015.2389661","volume":"4","author":"Y. Nugraha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nugraha, Y., Brown, I., & Sastrosubroto, A. S. (2016). An adaptive wideband delphi method to study state cyber-defence requirements. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 4(1), 47\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETC.2015.2389661","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing"},{"key":"546_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2011.07.005","volume":"78","author":"R. Parente","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parente, R., & Anderson-Parente, J. (2011). A case study of long-term delphi accuracy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78, 1705\u20131711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2011.07.005.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"546_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05501-0_4","volume":"1031","author":"S. Paszkiel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paszkiel, S. (2022). Application of brain-computer interface technology in neurogaming. Studies in Computational Intelligence, 1031, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-05501-0_4.","journal-title":"Studies in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"546_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3763\/ijas.2010.0534","volume":"8","author":"J. Pretty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pretty, J., Sutherland, W. J., Ashby, J., Auburn, J., Baulcombe, D., et al. (2010). The top 100 questions of importance to the future of global agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 8, 219\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3763\/ijas.2010.0534.","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability"},{"key":"546_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108609388.008","volume-title":"New technologies and the law in war and peace","author":"I. M. Puscas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puscas, I. M. (2018). Military Human Enhancement. In H. B. William (Ed.), New technologies and the law in war and peace (pp. 182\u2013229). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108609388.008."},{"key":"546_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.03.007","volume":"32","author":"A. Ricciardi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ricciardi, A., Blackburn, T. M., Carlton, J. T., Dick, J. T. A., Hulme, P. E., Iacarella, J. C., et al. (2017). Invasion Science: A horizon scan of emerging challenges and opportunities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 464\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2017.03.007.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"546_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roco, M. C., & Bainbridge, W. S., (eds.) (2003). Converging technologies for improving human performance. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-0359-8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0359-8"},{"key":"546_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robinson, P., Sun, L., Furey, H., Jenkins, R., Phillips, C. R. M., Powers, T. M., Ritterson, R. S., Xie, Y., Casagrande, R., & Evans, N. G. (2021). Modelling ethical algorithms in autonomous vehicles using crash data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2021.3072792","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3072792"},{"key":"546_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rubin, D. B., Ajiboye, A. B., Barefoot, L., Bowker, M., Cash, S. S., Chen, D., et al. (2023). Interim safety profile from the feasibility study of the braingate neural interface system. Neurology, January 2023, 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201707.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201707"},{"key":"546_CR59","volume-title":"Delphi critique: Expert opinion","author":"H. Sackman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sackman, H. (1975). Delphi critique: Expert opinion, forecasting, and group process. In Delphi critique: Expert opinion. Forecasting and Group Process."},{"key":"546_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-022-09490-2","volume":"15","author":"S. Sattler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sattler, S., Jacobs, E., Singh, I., Whetham, D., B\u00e1rd, I., Moreno, J. D., et al. (2022). Neuroenhancements in the military: A mixed-method pilot study on attitudes of staff officers to ethics and rules. Neuroethics, 15, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12152-022-09490-2.","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"546_CR61","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Human enhancement","author":"J. Savulescu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Savulescu, J., & Bostrom, N. (2011). Human enhancement ethics: The state of the debate. In J. Savulescu & N. Bostrom (Eds.), Human enhancement (pp. 1\u201324). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"546_CR74","unstructured":"Scharre, Paul. 2018. Army of none: Autonomous weapons and the future of war. W.W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"546_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1305.014","volume":"1013","author":"W. Sententia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sententia, W. (May 2004). Neuroethical considerations: Cognitive liberty and converging technologies for improving human cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1013, 221\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1305.014.","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"546_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/papa.12034","volume":"42","author":"T. Shelby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shelby, T. (2014). Integration, inequality, and imperatives of justice: A review essay. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 42(3), 253\u2013285.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"546_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.55540\/0031-1723.3207","volume":"53","author":"R. J. Sparrow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sparrow, R. J., & Henschke, A. (2023). Minotaurs, not centaurs: The future of manned-unmanned teaming. Parameters, 53, 115\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55540\/0031-1723.3207.","journal-title":"Parameters"},{"key":"546_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.04.008","volume":"24","author":"W. J. Sutherland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sutherland, W. J., & Woodroof, H. J. (2009). The need for environmental horizon scanning. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 523\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2009.04.008.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"546_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.11.005","volume":"32","author":"W. J. Sutherland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sutherland, W. J., Barnard, P., Broad, S., Clout, M., Connor, B., C\u00f4t\u00e9, I. M., et al. (2017). A 2017 horizon scan of emerging issues for global conservation and biological diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2016.11.005.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"546_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01188.x","volume":"43","author":"W. J. Sutherland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sutherland, W. J., Armstrong-Brown, S., Armsworth, P. R., Tom, B., Brickland, J., Campbell, C. D., et al. (2006). The identification of 100 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43, 617\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01188.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"546_CR68","unstructured":"Tabouy, L., et al. (2023). Clarification of neuroscientific and philosophical terms and the epistemology of ethical issues of non-invasive neurotechnologies: What ethics for neuroethics?"},{"issue":"5","key":"546_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12589","volume":"40","author":"K. Usry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Usry, K. (2019). The political consequences of combat: Post-traumatic stress and political alienation among vietnam veterans. Political Psychology, 40(5), 1001\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12589.","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"546_CR70","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Robot ethics 2.0","author":"S. Vallor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vallor, S., & Bekey, G. A. (2017). Artificial intelligence and the ethics of self-learning robots. In P. Lin, R. Jenkins, & K. Abney (Eds.), Robot ethics 2.0 (pp. 338\u2013353). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"546_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640647","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.640647","volume":"8","author":"J. van der Waa","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Waa, J., et al. (2015). Moral decision making in human-agent teams: Human control and the role of explanations. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8, 640647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2021.640647.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"546_CR72","volume-title":"Neuro-prosthEthics: Ethical implications of applied situated cognition","author":"M. Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walker, M., & Sparrow, R. (2023). Being in the world: Extended minds and extended bodies. In J. H. Heinrichs, B. Beck, & O. Friedrich (Eds.), Neuro-prosthEthics: Ethical implications of applied situated cognition. JB Metzler."},{"key":"546_CR73","unstructured":"Whetham, D., & Payne, K. (2019, December 9). AI: In defense of uncertainty. Defence-In-Depth. URL: https:\/\/defenceindepth.co\/2019\/12\/09\/%96-defence-of-uncertainty\/"}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00546-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00546-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00546-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:13:16Z","timestamp":1771953196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00546-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00546-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"3"}}