{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:28:33Z","timestamp":1776119313656,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006690","name":"Politecnico di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of big data and machine learning has been discussed in an expanding literature, detailing concerns on ethical issues and societal implications. In this paper we focus on big data and machine learning in the context of health systems and with the specific purpose of personalization. Whilst personalization is considered very promising in this context, by focusing on concrete uses of personalized models for glucose monitoring and anomaly detection we identify issues that emerge with personalized models and show that personalization is not necessarily nor always a positive development. We argue that there is a new problem of trade-offs between the expected benefits of personalization and new and exacerbated issues \u2013 results that have serious implications for strategies of mitigation and ethical concerns on big data and machine learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-025-00552-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T11:10:19Z","timestamp":1760353819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Big Data, Machine Learning, and Personalization in Health Systems: Ethical Issues and Emerging Trade-Offs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Canali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Falcetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5964-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Roveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viola","family":"Schiaffonati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2020.100129","volume":"18","author":"G Aceto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aceto, G., Persico, V., & Pescap\u00e9, A. (2020). Industry 4.0 and health: Internet of things, big data, and cloud computing for healthcare 4.0. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 18, 100129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jii.2020.100129","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Information Integration"},{"key":"552_CR2","unstructured":"Airoldi, M. (2022). Machine habitus: Toward a sociology of algorithms. Polity."},{"key":"552_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akpinar, N. J., DiCiccio, C., Nandy, P., & Basu, K. (2022). Long-term dynamics of fairness intervention in connection recommender systems. Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society, 22\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3514094.3534173","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534173"},{"key":"552_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alippi, C., Disabato, S., & Roveri, M. (2018). Moving Convolutional Neural Networks to Embedded Systems: The AlexNet and VGG-16 Case. 2018 17th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), 212\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPSN.2018.00049","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2018.00049"},{"key":"552_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330189","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1330189","volume":"5","author":"A Angelucci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelucci, A., Canali, S., & Aliverti, A. (2023). Digital technologies for step counting: Between promises of reliability and risks of reductionism. Frontiers in Digital Health, 5, 1330189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1330189","journal-title":"Frontiers in Digital Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"552_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-016-0149-6","volume":"17","author":"A Blasimme","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blasimme, A., & Vayena, E. (2016). Becoming partners, retaining autonomy: Ethical considerations on the development of precision medicine. BMC Medical Ethics, 17(1), 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-016-0149-6","journal-title":"BMC Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"552_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000104","volume":"1","author":"S Canali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Canali, S., Schiaffonati, V., & Aliverti, A. (2022). Challenges and recommendations for wearable devices in digital health: Data quality, interoperability, health equity, fairness. PLOS Digital Health, 1(10), e0000104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000104","journal-title":"PLOS Digital Health"},{"key":"552_CR8","unstructured":"Cangardel, K., & Volgina, D. (2023). The Convergence of Consumer Wearables & Medical Devices, Part 1: Understanding the Convergence. Blue Matter. https:\/\/bluematterconsulting.com\/convergence-consumer-wearables-medical-devices-part-1\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"552_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01149-5","volume":"37","author":"S Chiodo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiodo, S. (2022). Human autonomy, technological automation (and reverse). AI & SOCIETY, 37(1), 39\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01149-5","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"issue":"3","key":"552_CR10","first-page":"329","volume":"2","author":"T Dalenius","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dalenius, T. (1986). Finding a needle in a haystack or identifying anonymous census records. Journal of Official Statistics, 2(3), 329.","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"552_CR11","unstructured":"David, R., Duke, J., Jain, A., Reddi, V. J., Jeffries, N., Li, J., Kreeger, N., Nappier, I., Natraj, M., Regev, S., Rhodes, R., Wang, T., & Warden, P. (2021). TensorFlow Lite Micro: Embedded Machine Learning on TinyML Systems (arXiv:2010.08678). arXiv.http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.08678."},{"key":"552_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Disabato, S., & Roveri, M. (2021). Tiny Machine Learning for Concept Drift (arXiv:2107.14759). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2107.14759","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2107.14759"},{"issue":"4","key":"552_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2015.2471196","volume":"10","author":"G Ditzler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ditzler, G., Roveri, M., Alippi, C., & Polikar, R. (2015). Learning in nonstationary environments: A survey. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 10(4), 12\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCI.2015.2471196","journal-title":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine"},{"key":"552_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dwork, C. (2006). Differential privacy. In M. Bugliesi, B. Preneel, V. Sassone, & I. Wegener (Eds.), Automata, languages and programming (Vol. 4052, pp. 1\u201312). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11787006_1","DOI":"10.1007\/11787006_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"552_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.005","volume":"67","author":"A Ess\u00e9n","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ess\u00e9n, A. (2008). The two facets of electronic care surveillance: An exploration of the views of older people who live with monitoring devices. Social Science & Medicine, 67(1), 128\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.005","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"552_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhac010","volume":"47","author":"D Estes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Estes, D. (2022). Bioethics and the contours of autonomy. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 47(4), 495\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/jhac010","journal-title":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine"},{"key":"552_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falcetta, A., Pavan, M., Canali, S., Schiaffonati, V., & Roveri, M. (2023). To personalize or not to personalize? Soft personalization and the ethics of ML for health. In 2023 IEEE 10th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) (pp. 1\u201310). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSAA60987.2023.10302472","DOI":"10.1109\/DSAA60987.2023.10302472"},{"issue":"3","key":"552_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2022.3180883","volume":"17","author":"A Falcetta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Falcetta, A., & Roveri, M. (2022). Privacy-Preserving deep learning with homomorphic encryption: An introduction. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 17(3), 14\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCI.2022.3180883","journal-title":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine"},{"key":"552_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41292-022-00276-6","author":"A Fiske","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fiske, A., Degelsegger-M\u00e1rquez, A., Marsteurer, B., & Prainsack, B. (2022). Value-creation in the health data domain: A typology of what health data help Us do. BioSocieties. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41292-022-00276-6","journal-title":"BioSocieties"},{"issue":"1","key":"552_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000089","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000089","volume":"7","author":"J Frenk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frenk, J. (2010). The global health system: Strengthening National health systems as the next step for global progress. PLoS Medicine, 7(1), e1000089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000089","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"552_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2303219","volume":"389","author":"SH Friend","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friend, S. H., Ginsburg, G. S., & Picard, R. W. (2023). Wearable digital health technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(22), 2100\u20132101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMe2303219","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"552_CR21","unstructured":"Gholami, A., Kim, S., Dong, Z., Yao, Z., MahoneyM.W., & KeutzerK. (2021). A survey of quantization methods for efficient neural network inference. ArXiv. ArXiv:2103.13630. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.13630"},{"issue":"30","key":"552_CR24","first-page":"42","volume":"9","author":"S Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green, S., & Vogt, H. (2016). Personalizing medicine: Disease prevention in Silico and in socio. HUMANA MENTE Journal of Philosophical Studies, 9(30), 42.","journal-title":"HUMANA MENTE Journal of Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"552_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10128-6","author":"S Green","year":"2022","unstructured":"Green, S., Hillersdal, L., Holt, J., Hoeyer, K., & Wadmann, S. (2022). The practical ethics of repurposing health data: How to acknowledge invisible data work and the need for prioritization. Medicine Health Care and Philosophy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-022-10128-6","journal-title":"Medicine Health Care and Philosophy"},{"issue":"3","key":"552_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10158-8","volume":"26","author":"S Green","year":"2023","unstructured":"Green, S., Prainsack, B., & Sabatello, M. (2023). Precision medicine and the problem of structural injustice. Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, 26(3), 433\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-023-10158-8","journal-title":"Medicine Health Care and Philosophy"},{"issue":"4","key":"552_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00481-4","volume":"34","author":"JH Heinrichs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heinrichs, J. H. (2021). Why digital assistants need your information to support your autonomy. Philosophy & Technology, 34(4), 1687\u20131705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-021-00481-4","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"22","key":"552_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2215899","volume":"389","author":"MS Hughes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hughes, M. S., Addala, A., & Buckingham, B. (2023). Digital technology for diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(22), 2076\u20132086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2215899","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"552_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40504-020-00101-7","volume":"16","author":"P Hummel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hummel, P., & Braun, M. (2020). Just data? Solidarity and justice in data-driven medicine. Life Sciences Society and Policy, 16(1), 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40504-020-00101-7","journal-title":"Life Sciences Society and Policy"},{"key":"552_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00404-9","author":"P Hummel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hummel, P., Braun, M., & Dabrock, P. (2020). Own data?? Ethical reflections on data? ownership. Philosophy & Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-020-00404-9","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"552_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hutiri, W. (Toussaint), Ding, A. Y., Kawsar, F., & Mathur, A. (Eds.). (2023). Tiny, Always-on, and Fragile: Bias Propagation through Design Choices in On-device Machine Learning Workflows. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 32(6), 1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3591867","DOI":"10.1145\/3591867"},{"issue":"3","key":"552_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00361-y","volume":"33","author":"G Ishmaev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishmaev, G. (2020). The ethical limits of Blockchain-Enabled markets for private IoT data. Philosophy & Technology, 33(3), 411\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-019-00361-y","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"552_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00073-z","volume":"2","author":"BH Lang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lang, B. H., Nyholm, S., & Blumenthal-Barby, J. (2023). Responsibility gaps and black box healthcare AI: Shared responsibilization as a solution. Digital Society, 2(3), 52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00073-z","journal-title":"Digital Society"},{"key":"552_CR32","unstructured":"Liu, J., Tripathi, S., Kurup, U., & Shah, M. (2020). Pruning Algorithms to Accelerate Convolutional Neural Networks for Edge Applications: A Survey (arXiv:2005.04275). arXiv. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.04275"},{"issue":"1","key":"552_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172092443","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720924436","volume":"7","author":"S Lomborg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lomborg, S., Langstrup, H., & Andersen, T. O. (2020). Interpretation as luxury: Heart patients living with data doubt, hope, and anxiety. Big Data & Society, 7(1), 205395172092443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951720924436","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"552_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2020.3007297","volume":"53","author":"D Milojicic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milojicic, D. (2020). The Edge-to-Cloud continuum. Computer, 53(11), 16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2020.3007297","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"3","key":"552_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-017-9426-4","volume":"19","author":"B Mittelstadt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, B. (2017). Ethics of the health-related internet of things: A narrative review. Ethics and Information Technology, 19(3), 157\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-017-9426-4","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"552_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9652-2","volume":"22","author":"B Mittelstadt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, B., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of big data: Current and foreseeable issues in biomedical contexts. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22(2), 303\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-015-9652-2","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"552_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pavan, M., Ostrovan, E., Caltabiano, A., & Roveri, M. (2023). TyBox: An automatic design and code-generation toolbox for TinyML incremental on-device learning. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 3604566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3604566","DOI":"10.1145\/3604566"},{"key":"552_CR38","unstructured":"Podschwadt, R., Takabi, D., & Hu, P. (2022). SoK: Privacy-preserving deep learning with homomorphic encryption. ArXiv. ArXiv:2112.12855. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.12855"},{"key":"552_CR39","unstructured":"Prainsack, B. (2017). Personalized medicine: Empowered patients in the 21st century? New York University."},{"issue":"5","key":"552_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/scipol\/scaa013","volume":"47","author":"B Prainsack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prainsack, B. (2020). The meaning and enactment of openness in personalised and precision medicine. Science and Public Policy, 47(5), 647\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scipol\/scaa013","journal-title":"Science and Public Policy"},{"issue":"13s","key":"552_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3583683","volume":"55","author":"V Rajapakse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajapakse, V., Karunanayake, I., & Ahmed, N. (2023). Intelligence at the extreme edge: A survey on reformable TinyML. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(13s), 1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3583683","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"552_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3109\/17538157.2010.528649","volume":"35","author":"H Remmers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Remmers, H. (2010). Environments for ageing, assistive technology and self-determination: Ethical perspectives. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 35(3\u20134), 200\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17538157.2010.528649","journal-title":"Informatics for Health and Social Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"552_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2886956","volume":"30","author":"M Roveri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roveri, M. (2019). Learning Discrete-Time Markov chains under concept drift. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 30(9), 2570\u20132582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2886956","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"552_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1806949","volume":"381","author":"I Sim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sim, I. (2019). Mobile devices and health. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(10), 956\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1806949","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"552_CR45","unstructured":"Tabery, J. (2023). Tyranny of the gene: Personalized medicine and its threat to public health (First edition). Alfred A. Knopf."},{"issue":"6663","key":"552_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adk6139","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk6139","volume":"381","author":"EJ Topol","year":"2023","unstructured":"Topol, E. J. (2023). As artificial intelligence goes multimodal, medical applications multiply. Science, 381(6663), adk6139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adk6139","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"552_CR47","unstructured":"WHO (2007). Everybody\u2019s business: Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO\u2019s framework for action. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/43918"}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00552-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00552-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00552-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T13:11:08Z","timestamp":1761225068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00552-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00552-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests in relation to this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}