{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:04:42Z","timestamp":1771956282112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009482","name":"Santa Clara University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-025-00569-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:50:13Z","timestamp":1764582613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rethinking Geoengineering Governance Utilizing the Playing God Argument: Considerations of Knowledge, Control, and Benevolence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9939-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Dreiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7125-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Patrick","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"569_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abiodun, B. J., Odoulami, R. C., Sawadogo, W., Dosio, A., Sylla, M. B., Diallo, I., \u2026 Sarr, A. (2021). Potential impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection on drought risk managements over major river basins in Africa. Climatic Change, 169(31). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-021-03268-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-021-03268-w"},{"key":"569_CR2","unstructured":"American Geophysical Union. (2024). Ethical framework principles for climate intervention research. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.agu.org\/ethicalframeworkprinciples"},{"issue":"6","key":"569_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3197\/096327123X16904984189860","volume":"32","author":"J. Andow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andow, J. (2023). Slippery slope arguments as precautionary arguments: A new way of understanding the concern about geoengineering research. Environmental Values, 32(6), 701\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3197\/096327123X16904984189860","journal-title":"Environmental Values"},{"issue":"1","key":"569_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3640777","volume":"33","author":"S. Baum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baum, S., Maher, T., & Haqq-Misra, J. (2020). Double catastrophe: Intermittent stratospheric geoengineering induced by societal collapse. Environment Systems and Decisions, 33(1), 168\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3640777","journal-title":"Environment Systems and Decisions"},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-14-367-2023","volume":"14","author":"S. Baur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baur, S., Nauels, A., Nicholls, Z., Sanderson, B. M., & Schleussner, C.-F. (2023). The deployment length of solar radiation modification: An interplay of mitigation, net-negative emissions and climate uncertainty. Earth System Dynamics, 14(2), 367\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/esd-14-367-2023","journal-title":"Earth System Dynamics"},{"key":"569_CR6","unstructured":"Beauchamp, T. (2019). The principle of beneficence in applied ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition). Retrieved from. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2019\/entries\/principle-beneficence\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10784-019-09431-0","volume":"19","author":"F. Biermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biermann, F., & M\u00f6ller, I. (2019). Rich man\u2019s solution? Climate engineering discourses and the marginalization of the Global South. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 19(2), 151\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10784-019-09431-0","journal-title":"International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics"},{"key":"569_CR8","volume-title":"Options and proposals for the international governance of geoengineering (climate change 14\/2014)","author":"R. Bodle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodle, R., Oberth\u00fcr, S., Donat, L., Homann, G., Sina, S., & Tedsen, E. (2014). Options and proposals for the international governance of geoengineering (Climate Change 14\/2014). Dessau-Ro\u00dflau, Germany : Umweltbundesamt. https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.de\/publikationen\/options-proposals-for-the-international-governance"},{"issue":"6","key":"569_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2024.2430688","volume":"25","author":"K. Brent","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brent, K., Simon, M., & McDonald, J. (2024). From informal to formal governance of solar radiation management. Climate Policy, 25(6), 947\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2024.2430688","journal-title":"Climate Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0096340214531180","volume":"70","author":"W. Carr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carr, W., Yung, L., & Preston, C. (2014). Swimming upstream: Engaging the American public early on climate engineering. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 70(3), 38\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0096340214531180","journal-title":"The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"},{"key":"569_CR12","unstructured":"Climate Overshoot Commission. (2023). Reducing the risks of climate overshoot. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.overshootcommission.org\/report"},{"key":"569_CR13","unstructured":"Climate Response Fund. (2010). The Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies: Conference report. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.climateresponsefund.org\/images\/Conference\/finalfinalreport.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"569_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907013410106","volume":"341","author":"F. S. Collins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Collins, F. S. (1999). Medical and societal consequences of the human genome project. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(1), 28\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199907013410106","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"569_CR16","volume-title":"Decision adopted by the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity at its tenth meeting: Decision X\/33\u2014biodiversity and climate change","author":"Convention on Biological Diversity","year":"2010","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity. (2010). Decision adopted by the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity at its tenth meeting: Decision X\/33\u2014biodiversity and climate change. United Nations Environment Programme. https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/decision\/cop\/?id=12299"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"569_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9101-y","volume":"77","author":"P. J. Crutzen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crutzen, P. J. (2006). Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: A contribution to resolve a policy dilemma? Climatic Change, 77(3\u20134), 211\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-006-9101-y","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"569_CR18","unstructured":"Flavelle, C. (2024, April 2). Warming is getting worse. So they just tested a way to deflect the sun. The New York Times."},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/21550085.2014.926079","volume":"17","author":"R. K. Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia, R. K. (2014). Towards a just solar radiation management compensation system: A defense of the polluter pays principle. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 17(2), 178\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21550085.2014.926079","journal-title":"Ethics, Policy and Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/21550085.2018.1509472","volume":"21","author":"S. M. Gardiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gardiner, S. M., & Fragni\u00e8re, A. (2018). The tollgate principles for the governance of geoengineering: Moving beyond the Oxford principles to an ethically more robust approach. Ethics, Policy and Environment, 21(2), 143\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21550085.2018.1509472","journal-title":"Ethics, Policy and Environment"},{"key":"569_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474993","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1474993","volume":"6","author":"H. Ginzky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ginzky, H., & Oschlies, A. (2024). Effective control mechanisms of research on climate engineering techniques for the public good\u2014the london protocol regulatory approach as a role model. Frontiers in Climate, 6, 1474993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fclim.2024.1474993","journal-title":"Frontiers in Climate"},{"key":"569_CR22","volume-title":"Earthmasters: The dawn of the age of climate engineering","author":"C. Hamilton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamilton, C. (2013). Earthmasters: The dawn of the age of climate engineering (1st ed.). Yale University Press.","edition":"1st"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0892679417000223","volume":"31","author":"L. M. Hartman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartman, L. M. (2017). Climate engineering and the playing God critique. Ethics & International Affairs, 31(3), 313\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0892679417000223","journal-title":"Ethics & International Affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"569_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"kgab010","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfclm\/kgab010","volume":"1","author":"D. Heyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heyen, D., & Lehtomaa, J. (2021). Solar geoengineering governance: A dynamic framework of farsighted coalition formation. Oxford Open Climate Change, 1(1), kgab010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfclm\/kgab010","journal-title":"Oxford Open Climate Change"},{"key":"569_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290999","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1290999","volume":"6","author":"H. Hilser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hilser, H., Johnson, M., Franks, M., Ogando, A. C., Williams, A., Parayil, G., & Palmer, C. (2024). Public engagement and collaboration for carbon dioxide removal: Lessons from a project in the Dominican Republic. Frontiers in Climate, 6, 1290999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fclim.2024.1290999","journal-title":"Frontiers in Climate"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1162\/glep_a_00478","volume":"18","author":"J. B. Horton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horton, J. B., Reynolds, J. L., Buck, H. J., Callies, D., Sch\u00e4fer, S., Keith, D. W., & Rayner, S. (2018). Solar geoengineering and democracy. Global Environmental Politics, 18(3), 5\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/glep_a_00478","journal-title":"Global Environmental Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"569_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12838","volume":"12","author":"A. M. Hubert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hubert, A. M. (2021). A code of conduct for responsible geoengineering research. Global Policy, 12(1), 82\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-5899.12838","journal-title":"Global Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"569_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133312456414","volume":"36","author":"M. Hulme","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hulme, M. (2012). Climate change: Climate engineering through stratospheric aerosol injection. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 36(5), 694\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309133312456414","journal-title":"Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"569_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.423","volume":"7","author":"P. J. Irvine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irvine, P. J., Kravitz, B., Lawrence, M. G., & Muri, H. (2016). An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change, 7(6), 815\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcc.423","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0923-3","volume":"121","author":"D. Jamieson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jamieson, D. (2013). Some whats, whys and worries of geoengineering. Climatic Change, 121(3), 527\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-013-0923-3","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140326","volume":"33","author":"D. Jamieson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jamieson, D. (1996). Ethics and intentional climate change. Climatic Change, 33(3), 323\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00140326","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"4170","key":"569_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4170.1163","volume":"186","author":"W. W. Kellogg","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kellogg, W. W., & Schneider, S. H. (1974). Climate stabilization: For better or for worse? Science, 186(4170), 1163\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.186.4170.1163","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3197\/096327106776678915","volume":"15","author":"G. Kirkham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirkham, G. (2006). \u2018Playing God\u2019 and \u2018vexing nature\u2019: A cultural perspective. Environmental Values, 15(2), 173\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3197\/096327106776678915","journal-title":"Environmental Values"},{"key":"569_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0195145836.001.0001","volume-title":"Science, truth, and democracy","author":"P. Kitcher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kitcher, P. (2001). Science, truth, and democracy. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.316","volume":"12","author":"B. Kravitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kravitz, B., Robock, A., Boucher, O., Schmidt, H., Taylor, K. E., Stenchikov, G., & Schulz, M. (2011). The geoengineering model intercomparison project (GeoMIP). Atmospheric Science Letters, 12(2), 162\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asl.316","journal-title":"Atmospheric Science Letters"},{"key":"569_CR37","first-page":"2509","volume":"100","author":"A. Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, A. (2016). The missing pieces of geoengineering research governance. Minnesota Law Review, 100, 2509\u20132576. http:\/\/www.minnesotalawreview.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Lin_Online.pdf","journal-title":"Minnesota Law Review"},{"key":"569_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/sus.2018.10","volume":"1","author":"N. Markusson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Markusson, N., McLaren, D., & Tyfield, D. (2018). Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs). Global Sustainability, 1, e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/sus.2018.10","journal-title":"Global Sustainability"},{"key":"569_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000445","volume":"4","author":"D. McLaren","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLaren, D. (2016). Mitigation deterrence and the \u201cmoral hazard\u201d of solar radiation management. Earth\u2019s Future, 4, 596\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016EF000445","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00176-7","volume":"26","author":"M. Mizrahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizrahi, M. (2020). How to play the \u201cPlaying God\u201d card. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(3), 1445\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00176-7","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"569_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/reac025","volume":"19","author":"J. Moreno-Cruz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moreno-Cruz, J., McEvoy, D. M., McGinty, M., & Cherry, T. L. (2025). The economics and governance of solar geoengineering. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 19(1), 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/reep\/reac025","journal-title":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy"},{"key":"569_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/25762","volume-title":"Reflecting sunlight: Recommendations for solar geoengineering research and research governance","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2021","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2021). Reflecting sunlight: Recommendations for solar geoengineering research and research governance. The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25762"},{"issue":"3","key":"569_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2017.1400944","volume":"18","author":"S. Nicholson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicholson, S., Jinnah, S., & Gillespie, A. (2018). Solar radiation management: A proposal for immediate polycentric governance. Climate Policy, 18(3), 322\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2017.1400944","journal-title":"Climate Policy"},{"key":"569_CR45","unstructured":"Office of Science and Technology Policy. (2023). Congressionally mandated research plan and an initial research governance framework related to solar radiation modification. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ostp\/news-updates\/2023\/06\/30\/congressionally-mandated-report-on-solar-radiation-modification\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"569_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00258-6","volume":"26","author":"A. Pamplany","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pamplany, A., Gordijn, B., & Brereton, P. (2020). The ethics of geoengineering: A review of literature. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(6), 3069\u20133119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00258-6","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"569_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000735","volume":"6","author":"A. Parker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parker, A., & Irvine, P. J. (2018). The risk of termination shock from solar geoengineering. Earth\u2019s Future, 6(4), 456\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017EF000735","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"569_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parson, E. A., & Ernst, L. N. (2013). International governance of climate engineering. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 14(1), 307\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/til-2013-015","DOI":"10.1515\/til-2013-015"},{"key":"569_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112321-081911","volume":"49","author":"E. A. Parson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parson, E. A., & Keith, D. W. (2024). Solar geoengineering: History, methods, governance, prospects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 49, 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-environ-112321-081911","journal-title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources"},{"issue":"6125","key":"569_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232527","volume":"339","author":"E. Parsons","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parsons, E., & Keith, D. W. (2013). End the deadlock on governance of geoengineering research. Science, 339(6125), 1278\u20131279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1232527","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1882","key":"569_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2008.0131","volume":"366","author":"P. J. Rasch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rasch, P. J., Tilmes, S., Turco, R. P., Robock, A., Oman, L., Chen, C.-C., Stenchikov, G. L., & Garcia, R. R. (2008). An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 366(1882), 4007\u20134037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2008.0131","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"569_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0675-2","volume":"121","author":"S. Rayner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rayner, S., Heyward, C., Kruger, T., Pidgeon, N., Redgwell, C., & Savulescu, J. (2013). The Oxford principles. Climatic Change, 121, 499\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-012-0675-2","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"2229","key":"569_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190255","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2019.0255","volume":"475","author":"J. L. Reynolds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reynolds, J. L. (2019). Solar geoengineering to reduce climate change: A review of governance proposals. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 475(2229), 20190255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2019.0255","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"569_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reynolds, J. L., & Fleurke, F. (2013). Climate engineering research: A precautionary response to climate change? Carbon & Climate Law Review, 7(2), 101\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21552\/CCLR\/2013\/2\/251","DOI":"10.21552\/CCLR\/2013\/2\/251"},{"key":"569_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-031920-083456","volume":"51","author":"K. Ricke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ricke, K., Wan, J. S., Saenger, M., & Lutsko, N. J. (2023). Hydrological consequences of solar geoengineering. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 51, 447\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-earth-031920-083456","journal-title":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"},{"issue":"5965","key":"569_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186237","volume":"327","author":"A. Robock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robock, A., Marquardt, A. B., Kravitz, B., & Stenchikov, G. (2010). A test for geoengineering? Science, 327(5965), 530\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1186237","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11569-022-00422-1","volume":"16","author":"M. Simons","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simons, M. (2022). Playing god: Symbolic arguments against technology. Nanoethics, 16(2), 151\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11569-022-00422-1","journal-title":"Nanoethics"},{"issue":"12","key":"569_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aae98d","volume":"13","author":"W. Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, W., & Wagner, G. (2018). Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment. Environmental Research Letters, 13(12), 124001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aae98d","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"569_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/21550085.2014.927962","volume":"17","author":"T. Svoboda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Svoboda, T., & Irvine, P. (2014). Ethical and technical challenges in compensating for harm due to solar radiation management geoengineering. Ethics, Policy and Environment, 17(2), 157\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21550085.2014.927962","journal-title":"Ethics, Policy and Environment"},{"key":"569_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102674","volume":"80","author":"A. Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, A. (2023). The slippery slopes of climate engineering research. Global Environmental Change, 80, 102674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102674","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"key":"569_CR61","unstructured":"Temple, J. (2024, April 4). The hard lessons of Harvard\u2019s failed geoengineering experiment. MIT Technology Review. https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2024\/04\/04\/1090626\/the-hard-lessons-of-harvards-failed-geoengineering-experiment\/"},{"key":"569_CR67","unstructured":"The Royal Society. (2009). Geoengineering the climate: Science, governance and uncertainty. The Royal Society. https:\/\/eprints.soton.ac.uk\/156647\/1\/Geoengineering_the_climate.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"569_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-4557-2022","volume":"22","author":"S. Tilmes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tilmes, S., Visioni, D., Jones, A., Haywood, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Nabat, P., Boucher, O., Bednarz, E. M., & Niemeier, U. (2022). Stratospheric ozone response to sulfate aerosol and solar dimming climate interventions based on the G6 geoengineering model intercomparison project (GeoMIP) simulations. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 22(7), 4557\u20134579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-22-4557-2022","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry &amp; Physics"},{"issue":"1771","key":"569_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180041","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0041","volume":"374","author":"A. Waytz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waytz, A., & Young, L. (2019). Aversion to playing god and moral condemnation of technology and science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1771), 20180041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2018.0041","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"569_CR64","unstructured":"Wong, P.-H., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2014). Compensation for geoengineering harms and no-fault climate change compensation. Climate Geoengineering Governance Working Paper Series, 8. https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WONCFG"},{"key":"569_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zarnetske, P. L., Gougherty, A. V., Record, S., Baiser, B., Beaudrot, L., Belmaker, J.White, E. P. \u2026 White, E. P. (2021). Potential ecological impacts of climate intervention by reflecting sunlight to cool earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15), e1921854118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1921854118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921854118"}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00569-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00569-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00569-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:13:25Z","timestamp":1771953205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00569-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-025-00569-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}