{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:03:09Z","timestamp":1773658989994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evol. Intel."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-025-01124-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T04:49:01Z","timestamp":1766119741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of metaheuristic algorithm-based approach for solving multi-bus dispatching and boarding management problem"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shubham","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shitu","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1124_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/563171","volume":"2011","author":"C D\u2019Apice","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u2019Apice C, Manzo R, Rarit\u00e0 L (2011) Splitting of traffic flows to control congestion in special events. Int J Math Math Sci 2011:563171","journal-title":"Int J Math Math Sci"},{"key":"1124_CR2","volume":"2012","author":"A Cutolo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cutolo A, De Nicola C, Manzo R, Rarit\u00e0 L (2012) Optimal paths on urban networks using travelling times prevision. Model Simul Eng 2012:564168","journal-title":"Model Simul Eng"},{"key":"1124_CR3","first-page":"90","volume":"9","author":"P Koopman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koopman P, Wagner M (2017) Autonomous vehicle safety: an interdisciplinary challenge. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag 9:90\u201396","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"key":"1124_CR4","unstructured":"Zhang Y (2020) Optimization and scheduling for a large-scale urban transportation system involving human factors. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"key":"1124_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(84)90019-0","volume":"18","author":"A Ceder","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ceder A (1984) Bus frequency determination using passenger count data. Transp Res Part A Gen 18:439\u2013453","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Gen"},{"key":"1124_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(87)90024-0","volume":"21","author":"A Ceder","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ceder A (1987) Methods for creating bus timetables. Transp Res Part A Gen 21:59\u201383","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Gen"},{"key":"1124_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9020360","volume":"9","author":"I Hartmann Toli\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hartmann Toli\u0107 I, Nyarko EK, Ceder AA (2020) Optimization of public transport services to minimize passengers\u2019 waiting times and maximize vehicles\u2019 occupancy ratios. Electronics 9:360","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"1124_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.04.002","volume":"43","author":"CF Daganzo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daganzo CF (2009) A headway-based approach to eliminate bus bunching: systematic analysis and comparisons. Transp Res Part B Methodol 43:913\u2013921","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"1124_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberlein XJ, Wilson NH, Bernstein D (1999) Modeling real-time control strategies in public transit operations. In: Computer-aided transit scheduling, Springer. pp 325\u2013346","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85970-0_16"},{"key":"1124_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.35.1.1.10143","volume":"35","author":"XJ Eberlein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Eberlein XJ, Wilson NH, Bernstein D (2001) The holding problem with real-time information available. Transp Sci 35:1\u201318","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"key":"1124_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2012.04.005","volume":"46","author":"F Delgado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Delgado F, Munoz JC, Giesen R (2012) How much can holding and\/or limiting boarding improve transit performance? Transp Res Part B Methodol 46:1202\u20131217","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"1124_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2020.06.002","volume":"8","author":"K Gkiotsalitis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gkiotsalitis K (2021) Improving service regularity for high-frequency bus services with rescheduling and bus holding. J Traffic Transp Eng (English Edition) 8:778\u2013794","journal-title":"J Traffic Transp Eng (English Edition)"},{"key":"1124_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Su R, Zhang Y A dynamic optimization model for bus schedule design to mitigate the passenger waiting time by dispatching the bus platoon. In: 2020 American control conference (ACC), IEEE, pp 4096\u20134101","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC45564.2020.9147385"},{"key":"1124_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3046285","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Su R, Zhang Y, Gammana Guruge NS (2022) A multi-bus dispatching strategy based on boarding control. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 23:5029\u20135043","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12846","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3117937","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Su R, Zhang Y, Wang B (2022) Dynamic multi-bus dispatching strategy with boarding and holding control for passenger delay alleviation and schedule reliability: A combined dispatching-operation system. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 23:12846\u201312860","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470496916","volume-title":"Metaheuristics: from design to implementation","author":"E-G Talbi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Talbi E-G (2009) Metaheuristics: from design to implementation, vol 74. John Wiley & Sons"},{"key":"1124_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.855","volume":"14","author":"J Hoffmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffmann J, Nebel B (2001) The ff planning system: fast plan generation through heuristic search. J Artif Intell Res 14:253\u2013302","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"1124_CR18","volume-title":"An introduction to genetic algorithms","author":"M Mitchell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitchell M (1998) An introduction to genetic algorithms. MIT Press"},{"key":"1124_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy J, Eberhart R Particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of ICNN\u201995-international conference on neural networks, volume\u00a04, IEEE, pp 1942\u20131948","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968"},{"key":"1124_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2007.05.007","volume":"8","author":"D Karaboga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Karaboga D, Basturk B (2008) On the performance of artificial bee colony (abc) algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 8:687\u2013697","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","volume":"69","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirjalili S, Mirjalili SM, Lewis A (2014) Grey wolf optimizer. Adv Eng Softw 69:46\u201361","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"key":"1124_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.12.022","volume":"96","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirjalili S (2016) Sca: a sine cosine algorithm for solving optimization problems. Knowl-Based Syst 96:120\u2013133","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/003754970107600201","volume":"76","author":"ZW Geem","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geem ZW, Kim JH, Loganathan GV (2001) A new heuristic optimization algorithm: harmony search. Simulation 76:60\u201368","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"1124_CR24","volume":"388","author":"L Rarit\u00e0","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rarit\u00e0 L, Stamova I, Tomasiello S (2021) Numerical schemes and genetic algorithms for the optimal control of a continuous model of supply chains. Appl Math Comput 388:125464","journal-title":"Appl Math Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rarit\u00e0 L (2021) A genetic algorithm to optimize dynamics of supply chains. In: Optimization in artificial intelligence and data sciences: ODS, first hybrid conference, Rome, Italy, September 14\u201317. Springer, pp 107\u2013115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95380-5_10"},{"key":"1124_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110636","volume":"274","author":"S Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta S, Shu W, Zhang Y, Su R (2023) Differential evolution-driven traffic light scheduling for vehicle-pedestrian mixed-flow networks. Knowl-Based Syst 274:110636","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7255","DOI":"10.3390\/app15137255","volume":"15","author":"A Seyyedabbasi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seyyedabbasi A (2025) A hybrid multi-strategy optimization metaheuristic algorithm for multi-level thresholding color image segmentation. Appl Sci 15:7255","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"1124_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04901-w","volume":"28","author":"H Jia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jia H, Zhou X, Zhang J, Mirjalili S (2025) Superb fairy-wren optimization algorithm: a novel metaheuristic algorithm for solving feature selection problems. Clust Comput 28:246","journal-title":"Clust Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR29","volume":"136","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Gao S, Cai P, Lei Z, Wang Y (2023) Information entropy-based differential evolution with extremely randomized trees and lightgbm for protein structural class prediction. Appl Soft Comput 136:110064","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR30","volume":"115","author":"Q Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Q, Suganthan PN, Del Ser J (2022) Jointly optimized ensemble deep random vector functional link network for semi-supervised classification. Eng Appl Artif Intell 115:105214","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"5","key":"1124_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3153964","volume":"53","author":"J-Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J-Y, Du K-J, Zhan Z-H, Wang H, Zhang J (2022) Distributed differential evolution with adaptive resource allocation. IEEE Trans Cybern 53(5):2791\u20132804","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"1124_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2022.3146986","volume":"30","author":"C Pozna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pozna C, Precup R-E, Horv\u00e1th E, Petriu EM (2022) Hybrid particle filter-particle swarm optimization algorithm and application to fuzzy controlled servo systems. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 30:4286\u20134297","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2011.02.032","volume":"11","author":"C Blum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blum C, Puchinger J, Raidl GR, Roli A (2011) Hybrid metaheuristics in combinatorial optimization: a survey. Appl Soft Comput 11:4135\u20134151","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2012.01.012","volume":"13","author":"AR Yildiz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yildiz AR (2013) Hybrid Taguchi-differential evolution algorithm for optimization of multi-pass turning operations. Appl Soft Comput 13:1433\u20131439","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.07.040","volume":"71","author":"I Aljarah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aljarah I, Mafarja M, Heidari AA, Faris H, Zhang Y, Mirjalili S (2018) Asynchronous accelerating multi-leader salp chains for feature selection. Appl Soft Comput 71:964\u2013979","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105521","volume":"81","author":"AA Heidari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heidari AA, Abbaspour RA, Chen H (2019) Efficient boosted grey wolf optimizers for global search and kernel extreme learning machine training. Appl Soft Comput 81:105521","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09909-3","volume":"54","author":"L Abualigah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abualigah L, Diabat A (2021) Advances in sine cosine algorithm: a comprehensive survey. Artif Intell Rev 54:2567\u20132608","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"1124_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirjalili S, Aljarah I, Mafarja M, Heidari AA, Faris H (2020) Grey wolf optimizer: theory, literature review, and application in computational fluid dynamics problems. Nat-Insp Optim 87\u2013105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12127-3_6"},{"issue":"1","key":"1124_CR39","first-page":"5594267","volume":"2021","author":"M Dubey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubey M, Kumar V, Kaur M, Dao T-P (2021) A systematic review on harmony search algorithm: theory, literature, and applications. Math Problems Eng 2021(1):5594267","journal-title":"Math Problems Eng"},{"key":"1124_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafez AI, Zawbaa HM, Emary E, Hassanien AE, Sine cosine optimization algorithm for feature selection. In: 2016 international symposium on innovations in intelligent systems and applications (INISTA), IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA.2016.7571853"},{"key":"1124_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.12.008","volume":"165","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Deep K (2019) Improved sine cosine algorithm with crossover scheme for global optimization. Knowl-Based Syst 165:374\u2013406","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.01.024","volume":"99","author":"A-F Attia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Attia A-F, El Sehiemy RA, Hasanien HM (2018) Optimal power flow solution in power systems using a novel sine-cosine algorithm. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 99:331\u2013343","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.08.038","volume":"91","author":"S Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li S, Fang H, Liu X (2018) Parameter optimization of support vector regression based on sine cosine algorithm. Expert Syst Appl 91:63\u201377","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"1124_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115750","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3106233","volume":"9","author":"E-SM El-Kenawy","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Kenawy E-SM, Mirjalili S, Ghoneim SS, Eid MM, El-Said M, Khan ZS, Ibrahim A (2021) Advanced ensemble model for solar radiation forecasting using sine cosine algorithm and Newton\u2019s laws. IEEE Access 9:115750\u2013115765","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1124_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-014-0645-7","volume":"43","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirjalili S (2015) How effective is the grey wolf optimizer in training multi-layer perceptrons. Appl Intell 43:150\u2013161","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"1124_CR46","volume":"195","author":"P Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu P, Pan J-S, Chu S-C (2020) Improved binary grey wolf optimizer and its application for feature selection. Knowl-Based Syst 195:105746","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.04.034","volume":"83","author":"M Pradhan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pradhan M, Roy PK, Pal T (2016) Grey wolf optimization applied to economic load dispatch problems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 83:325\u2013334","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"1124_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.04.029","volume":"86","author":"AKM Khairuzzaman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khairuzzaman AKM, Chaudhury S (2017) Multilevel thresholding using grey wolf optimizer for image segmentation. Exp Syst Appl 86:64\u201376","journal-title":"Exp Syst Appl"},{"key":"1124_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2017.08.002","volume":"38","author":"LK Panwar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panwar LK, Reddy S, Verma A, Panigrahi BK, Kumar R (2018) Binary grey wolf optimizer for large scale unit commitment problem. Swarm Evol Comput 38:251\u2013266","journal-title":"Swarm Evol Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.05.034","volume":"50","author":"L dos Santos Coelho","year":"2009","unstructured":"dos Santos Coelho L, Mariani VC (2009) An improved harmony search algorithm for power economic load dispatch. Energy Convers Manag 50:2522\u20132526","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"1124_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1260\/136943307783571445","volume":"10","author":"M Saka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saka M (2007) Optimum geometry design of geodesic domes using harmony search algorithm. Adv Struct Eng 10:595\u2013606","journal-title":"Adv Struct Eng"},{"key":"1124_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.04.070","volume":"83","author":"D Zou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zou D, Gao L, Li S, Wu J, Wang X (2010) A novel global harmony search algorithm for task assignment problem. J Syst Softw 83:1678\u20131688","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"key":"1124_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-015-1143-3","volume":"29","author":"H Bashiri-Atrabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bashiri-Atrabi H, Qaderi K, Rheinheimer DE, Sharifi E (2015) Application of harmony search algorithm to reservoir operation optimization. Water Resour Manage 29:5729\u20135748","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"key":"1124_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106273","volume":"92","author":"K Talaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talaei K, Rahati A, Idoumghar L (2020) A novel harmony search algorithm and its application to data clustering. Appl Soft Comput 92:106273","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.10.050","volume":"119","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Deep K (2019) A hybrid self-adaptive sine cosine algorithm with opposition based learning. Exp Syst Appl 119:210\u2013230","journal-title":"Exp Syst Appl"},{"key":"1124_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113395","volume":"154","author":"S Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta S, Deep K, Mirjalili S, Kim JH (2020) A modified sine cosine algorithm with novel transition parameter and mutation operator for global optimization. Exp Syst Appl 154:113395","journal-title":"Exp Syst Appl"},{"key":"1124_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2018.01.001","volume":"44","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Deep K (2019) A novel random walk grey wolf optimizer. Swarm Evol Comput 44:101\u2013112","journal-title":"Swarm Evol Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106367","volume":"93","author":"S Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta S, Deep K (2020) A memory-based grey wolf optimizer for global optimization tasks. Appl Soft Comput 93:106367","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2018.1554712","volume":"31","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Deep K (2019) An opposition-based chaotic grey wolf optimizer for global optimisation tasks. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 31:751\u2013779","journal-title":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell"},{"key":"1124_CR60","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"S Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta S (2021) Enhanced harmony search algorithm with non-linear control parameters for global optimization and engineering design problems. Eng Comput 38:1\u201324","journal-title":"Eng Comput"},{"key":"1124_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2005.05.001","volume":"40","author":"SV Walle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walle SV, Steenberghen T (2006) Space and time related determinants of public transport use in trip chains. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 40:151\u2013162","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Policy Pract"},{"key":"1124_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.12.3.3","volume":"12","author":"A El-Geneidy","year":"2009","unstructured":"El-Geneidy A, Hourdos J, Horning J (2009) Bus transit service planning and operations in a competitive environment. J Public Transp 12:39\u201359","journal-title":"J Public Transp"},{"key":"1124_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2011.09.006","volume":"88","author":"C Muro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muro C, Escobedo R, Spector L, Coppinger R (2011) Wolf-pack (canis lupus) hunting strategies emerge from simple rules in computational simulations. Behav Proc 88:192\u2013197","journal-title":"Behav Proc"},{"key":"1124_CR64","unstructured":"Gurobi I (2015) Gurobi optimizer reference manual. Optimization"},{"key":"1124_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2011.02.002","volume":"1","author":"J Derrac","year":"2011","unstructured":"Derrac J, Garc\u00eda S, Molina D, Herrera F (2011) A practical tutorial on the use of nonparametric statistical tests as a methodology for comparing evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms. Swarm Evol Comput 1:3\u201318","journal-title":"Swarm Evol Comput"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12065-025-01124-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12065-025-01124-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12065-025-01124-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:09:38Z","timestamp":1773655778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12065-025-01124-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12065-025-01124-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-5909","1864-5917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-5909","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-5917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This declaration is not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"8"}}