{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:54:02Z","timestamp":1785531242946,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growing intelligent cities is witnessing an increasing amount of local energy generation through renewable energy resources. Energy trade among the local energy generators (<jats:italic>aka<\/jats:italic> prosumers) and consumers can reduce the energy consumption cost and also reduce the dependency on conventional energy resources, not to mention the environmental, economic, and societal benefits. However, these local energy sources might not be enough to fulfill energy consumption demands. A hybrid approach, where consumers can buy energy from both prosumers (that generate energy) and also from prosumer of other locations, is essential. A centralized system can be used to manage this energy trading that faces several security issues and increase centralized development cost. In this paper, a hybrid energy trading system coupled with a smart contract named <jats:italic>SynergyGrids<\/jats:italic> has been proposed as a solution, that reduces the average cost of energy and load over the utility grids. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to create a hybrid energy trading platform over the smart contract for energy demand prediction. An hourly energy data set has been utilized for testing and validation purposes. The trading system shows <jats:italic>17.8%<\/jats:italic> decrease in energy cost for consumers and <jats:italic>76.4%<\/jats:italic> decrease in load over utility grids when compared with its counterparts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01199-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T10:13:10Z","timestamp":1634638390000},"page":"884-900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["SynergyGrids: blockchain-supported distributed microgrid energy trading"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moayad","family":"Aloqaily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9616-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ouns","family":"Bouachir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6znur","family":"\u00d6zkasap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizan Safdar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-016-0456-1","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wen J (2017) The iot electric business model: using blockchain technology for the internet of things. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 10(4):983\u2013994","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications"},{"key":"1199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Na S, Tan L, Li W, Qi X, Yu K (2020) A blockchain-empowered AAA scheme in the large-scale HetNet. Digital Communications and Networks. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.10.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.10.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"1199_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2020.3035520","volume":"10","author":"K Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu K, Tan L, Shang X, Huang J, Srivastava G, Chatterjee P (2021) Efficient and privacypreserving medical research support platform against COVID-19: a blockchain-based approach. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 10(2):111\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCE.2020.3035520","journal-title":"IEEE Consum Electron Mag"},{"key":"1199_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"01","author":"K-P Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu K-P, Tan L, Aloqaily M, Yang H, Jararweh Y (2021) Blockchain-enhanced data sharing with traceable and direct revocation in iiot. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 01:1\u20131","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.1900573","volume":"34","author":"M Aloqaily","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aloqaily M, Boukerche A, Bouachir O, Khalid F, Jangsher S (2020) An energy trade framework using smart contracts: overview and challenges. IEEE Netw 34(4):119\u2013125","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"1199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054","volume":"210","author":"E Mengelkamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mengelkamp E, G\u00e4rttner J, Rock K, Kessler S, Orsini L, Weinhardt C (2018) Designing microgrid energy markets: a case study: the Brooklyn Microgrid. Appl Energy 210:870\u2013880","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"1199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsikalakis AG, Hatziargyriou ND (2011) Centralized control for optimizing microgrids operation. In: IEEE power and energy society general meeting","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2011.6039737"},{"key":"1199_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.010","volume":"220","author":"C Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang C, Wu J, Zhou Y, Cheng M, Long C (2018) Peer-to-peer energy trading in a microgrid. Appl Energy 220:1\u201312","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"1199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.097","volume":"226","author":"C Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Long C, Wu J, Zhou Y, Jenkins N (2018) Peer-to-peer energy sharing through a two-stage aggregated battery control in a community microgrid. Applied Energy 226:261\u2013276","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"1199_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.08.004","volume":"229","author":"A L\u00fcth","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00fcth A, Zepter JM, Granado PC, Egging R (2018) Local electricity market designs for peer-to-peer trading: the role of battery flexibility. Applied Energy 229:1233\u20131243","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"1199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri I, Alzahrani A, Reynolds J, Rezgui Y (2020) Federating smart cluster energy grids for peer-to-peer energy sharing and trading. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998747"},{"key":"1199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47047","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2979051","volume":"8","author":"R Khalid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khalid R, Javaid N, Almogren A, Javed MU, Javaid S, Zuair M (2020) A blockchain-based load balancing in decentralized hybrid p2p energy trading market in smart grid. IEEE Access 8:47047\u201347062","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"1199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2649558","volume":"32","author":"N Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu N, Yu X, Wang C, Li C, Ma L, Lei J (2017) Energy-sharing model with price-based demand response for microgrids of peer-to-peer prosumers. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 32 (5):3569\u20133583","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems"},{"key":"1199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabounchi M, Wei J (2018) A decentralized p2p electricity market model for microgrids. In: 2018 IEEE power & energy society general meeting (PESGM). IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2018.8586257"},{"issue":"8","key":"1199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5769","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3046744","volume":"17","author":"F Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali F, Bouachir O, Ozkasap O, Aloqaily M (2021) SynergyChain: blockchain-assisted adaptive cyber-physical P2P energy trading. IEEE Trans Industr Inform 17(8):5769\u20135778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2020.3046744","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inform"},{"key":"1199_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mylrea M, Gourisetti SNG (2017) Blockchain for smart grid resilience: exchanging distributed energy at speed, scale and security. In: Resilience week (RWS). IEEE, pp 18\u201323","DOI":"10.1109\/RWEEK.2017.8088642"},{"issue":"8","key":"1199_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2874578","volume":"66","author":"A Paudel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paudel A, Chaudhari K, Long C, Gooi HB (2018) Peer-to-peer energy trading in a prosumer-based community microgrid: a game-theoretic model. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 66(8):6087\u20136097","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"issue":"1","key":"1199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40866-018-0044-y","volume":"3","author":"S Thakur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thakur S, Breslin JG (2018) Peer to peer energy trade among microgrids using blockchain based distributed coalition formation method. Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy 3(1):5","journal-title":"Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy"},{"key":"1199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabounchi M, Wei J (2017) Towards resilient networked microgrids: blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer electricity trading mechanism. In: IEEE conference on energy internet and energy system integration","DOI":"10.1109\/EI2.2017.8245449"},{"issue":"6","key":"1199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2893433","volume":"15","author":"K Gai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gai K, Yu W, Zhu L, Qiu M, Shen M (2019) Privacy-preserving energy trading using consortium blockchain in smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15(6):3548\u20133558","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010162","volume":"18","author":"C Pop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pop C, Cioara T, Antal M, Anghel I, Salomie I, Bertoncini M (2018) Blockchain based decentralized management of demand response programs in smart energy grids. Sensors 18(1):162","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"1199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2020.2991453","volume":"53","author":"FS Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali FS, Aloqaily M, Alfandi O, Ozkasap O (2020) Cyberphysical blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer energy trading. Computer 53(9):56\u201365","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"1199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perk B, Bayraktaro\u011flu C, Do\u011fu E. D, Ali FS, \u00d6zkasap \u00d6 (2020) Joulin: blockchain-based p2p energy trading using smart contracts. In: IEEE symposium on computers and communications (ISCC 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219696, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219696"},{"key":"1199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali FS, Aloqaily M, Ozkasap O, Bouachir O (2020) Blockchain-assisted decentralized virtual prosumer grouping for p2p energy trading. In: 2020 IEEE 21st international symposium on a world of wireless, mobile and multimedia networks (WoWMoM). IEEE, pp 385\u2013390","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM49955.2020.00071"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0360-9","volume":"33","author":"E Mengelkamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mengelkamp E, Notheisen B, Beer C, Dauer D, Weinhardt C (2018) A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets. Computer Science-Research and Development 33(1-2):207\u2013214","journal-title":"Computer Science-Research and Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"1199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-169832","volume":"35","author":"K Inayat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inayat K, Hwang SO (2018) Load balancing in decentralized smart grid trade system using blockchain. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 35(6):5901\u20135911","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"1199_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goranovi\u0107 A, Meisel M, Fotiadis L, Wilker S, Treytl A, Sauter T (2017) Blockchain applications in microgrids an overview of current projects and concepts. In: IECON 2017-43rd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society. IEEE, pp 6153\u20136158","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2017.8217069"}],"container-title":["Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12083-021-01199-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12083-021-01199-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12083-021-01199-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T08:09:34Z","timestamp":1647418174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12083-021-01199-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-021-01199-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-6442","1936-6450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-6442","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-6450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}