{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:11:05Z","timestamp":1772910665896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","award":["the the State Key Laboratory of Cryptology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the the State Key Laboratory of Cryptology"]}]},{"name":"The Key Program of Natural Sciences Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China","award":["20212ACB202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212ACB202003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11461031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11461031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-024-01700-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1712826117000},"page":"1963-1975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving byzantine fault tolerance based on stake evaluation and consistent hashing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Guangfu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daojing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sammy","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1700_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","volume":"14","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H-N, Chen X, Wang H (2018) Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. Int J Web Grid Serv 14(4):352\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","journal-title":"Int J Web Grid Serv"},{"key":"1700_CR2","unstructured":"Tapscott A, Tapscott D (2017) How Blockchain Is Changing Finance"},{"key":"1700_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102067","volume":"142","author":"P Dutta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dutta P, Choi T-M, Somani S, Butala R (2020) Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research opportunities. Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev 142:102067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102067","journal-title":"Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev"},{"key":"1700_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azaria A, Ekblaw A, Vieira T, Lippman A (2016) MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management. In: 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD), p 25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OBD.2016.11","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11"},{"issue":"4","key":"1700_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1145\/571637.571640","volume":"20","author":"M Castro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Castro M, Liskov B (2002) Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery. ACM Trans Comput Syst 20(4):398\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/571637.571640","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Syst"},{"key":"1700_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2021.100258","volume":"25","author":"J Qu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qu J (2022) Blockchain in medical informatics. J Ind Inf Integr 25:100258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jii.2021.100258","journal-title":"J Ind Inf Integr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1700_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1145\/3395331","volume":"21","author":"X Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu X, Zhu D, Yang X, Wang S, Qi L, Dou W (2021) Concurrent Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Integration of Blockchain and Supply Chain. ACM Trans Internet Technol 21(1):7\u20131717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3395331","journal-title":"ACM Trans Internet Technol"},{"key":"1700_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73414","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3295696","volume":"11","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Hua C, Zhang Y (2023) A Blockchain-Based Framework for Supervision of Livelihood Issues: Proof of Concept With Optimized Consensus. IEEE Access 11:73414\u201373434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3295696","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1700_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao S, Yu T, Zhu J, Cai W (2019) T-PBFT: An EigenTrust-based practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm. China Commun 16(12):111\u2013123.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/JCC.2019.12.008","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.12.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"1700_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3042392","volume":"32","author":"W Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li W, Feng C, Zhang L, Xu H, Cao B, Imran MA (2021) A Scalable Multi-Layer PBFT Consensus for Blockchain. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 32(5):1146\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3042392","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"1700_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lao L, Dai X, Xiao B, Guo S (2020) G-PBFT: A Location-based and Scalable Consensus Protocol for IoT-Blockchain Applications. In: 2020 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), p 664\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPDPS47924.2020.00074","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS47924.2020.00074"},{"issue":"1","key":"1700_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3048291","volume":"70","author":"J Mi\u0161i\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mi\u0161i\u0107 J, Mi\u0161i\u0107 VB, Chang X, Qushtom H (2021) Adapting PBFT for Use With Blockchain-Enabled IoT Systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(1):33\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2020.3048291","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"1700_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang Z, Fan J, Zheng Y, Luo Y, Deng C, Ding J (2019) An extensible consensus algorithm based on pbft, p 17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CyberC.2019.00013","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberC.2019.00013"},{"key":"1700_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.01.029","volume":"164","author":"G Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu G, Bai H, Xing J, Luo T, Xiong NN, Cheng X, Liu S, Zheng X (2022) SG-PBFT: A secure and highly efficient distributed blockchain PBFT consensus algorithm for intelligent Internet of vehicles. J Parallel Distr Comput 164:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.01.029","journal-title":"J Parallel Distr Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"1700_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08587-1","volume":"12","author":"S Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang S, Wang Z, Jiang J, Ge S, Tan G (2022) Improved PBFT algorithm for high-frequency trading scenarios of alliance blockchain. Sci Rep 12(1):4426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08587-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1700_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30274","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3153701","volume":"10","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang J, Jia Z, Su R, Wu X, Qin J (2022) Improved Fault-Tolerant Consensus Based on the PBFT Algorithm. IEEE Access 10:30274\u201330283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3153701","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1700_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.12.068","volume":"624","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Zhao Y, Chen H, Deng W (2023) ABC-GSPBFT: PBFT with grouping score mechanism and optimized consensus process for flight operation data-sharing. Inf Sci 624:110\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2022.12.068","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1700_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00857-9","volume":"9","author":"M Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie M, Liu J, Chen S, Xu G, Lin M (2023) Primary node election based on probabilistic linguistic term set with confidence interval in the PBFT consensus mechanism for blockchain. Complex Intell Syst 9(2):1507\u20131524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-022-00857-9","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"1700_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106590","volume":"154","author":"S Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu S, Zhang R, Liu C, Shi D (2023) P-PBFT: An improved blockchain algorithm to support large-scale pharmaceutical traceability. Comput Biol Med 154:106590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106590","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1700_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00907-2","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhao D, Wang Y (2023) A node selection algorithm with a genetic method based on PBFT in consortium blockchains. Complex Intell Syst 9(3):3085\u20133105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-022-00907-2","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"1700_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-022-01373-w","volume":"16","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Li X, Zhao H, Yu B, Zhou T, Cheng H, Sheng N (2023) MANDALA: A scalable blockchain model with mesh-and-spoke network and H-PBFT consensus algorithm. Peer Peer Netwo Appl 16(1):226\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-022-01373-w","journal-title":"Peer Peer Netwo Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1700_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28856-x","volume":"13","author":"S Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu S, Zhang R, Liu C, Xu C, Wang J (2023) An improved pbft consensus algorithm based on grouping and credit grading. Sci Rep 13(1):13030","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1700_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12092049","volume":"12","author":"F He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He F, Feng W, Zhang Y, Liu J (2023) An improved byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm based on reputation model. Electronics 12(9):2049","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"1700_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao L, Gao J, Wang B, Li X (2023) Optimized byzantine fault tolerant algorithm for improving performance and security with trust values. IET Blockchain","DOI":"10.1049\/blc2.12039"},{"issue":"2","key":"1700_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102884","volume":"59","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li M, Zhu X, Fang K, Ren Q, Guo T, Chen X, Li C, Zou Z, Deng Y (2022) An improved algorithm for practical byzantine fault tolerance to large-scale consortium chain. Inf Process Manage 59(2):102884","journal-title":"Inf Process Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"1700_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.20.3.370","volume":"20","author":"SC Littlechild","year":"1973","unstructured":"Littlechild SC, Owen G (1973) A simple expression for the shapley value in a special case. Manage Sci 20(3):370\u2013372","journal-title":"Manage Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1700_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.2986619","volume":"38","author":"M Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen M, Duan J, Zhu L, Zhang J, Du X, Guizani M (2020) Blockchain-Based Incentives for Secure and Collaborative Data Sharing in Multiple Clouds. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 38(6):1229\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSAC.2020.2986619","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"1700_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3140080","author":"Y Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du Y, Wang Z, Li J, Shi L, Jayakody DNK, Chen Q, Chen W, Han Z (2022) Blockchain-aided edge computing market: Smart contract and consensus mechanisms. IEEE Trans Mob Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2021.3140080","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"issue":"7","key":"1700_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227","volume":"30","author":"TTA Dinh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinh TTA, Liu R, Zhang M, Chen G, Ooi BC, Wang J (2018) Untangling Blockchain: A Data Processing View of Blockchain Systems. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(7):1366\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"1700_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871394","volume":"6","author":"C Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu C, Yu FR, Yao H, Jiang C, Xu F, Zhao C (2019) Blockchain-Based Software-Defined Industrial Internet of Things: A Dueling Deep Q -Learning Approach. IEEE Internet Things J 6(3):4627\u20134639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871394","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"1700_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-023-03407-4","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Gan Y, Li C, Deng C, Luo Y (2023) Primary node selection based on node reputation evaluation for PBFT in UAV-assisted MEC environment. Wirel Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-023-03407-4","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"1700_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.53106\/199115992022043302002","volume":"33","author":"H Pang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pang H, Li Y, Wen X, Mu Y (2022) Research on practical byzantine fault tolerant algorithm based on trust mechanism. J Comput 33(2):11\u201323","journal-title":"J Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"1700_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15282-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhong M, Cheng T (2022) Research on pbft consensus algorithm for grouping based on feature trust. Sci Rep 12(1):12515","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"1700_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7866","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3115568","volume":"9","author":"H Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin H, Zhang Z, He J, Ma L, Zhu L, Li M, Khoussainov B (2021) Proof of continuous work for reliable data storage over permissionless blockchain. IEEE Internet Things J 9(10):7866\u20137875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3115568","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"1700_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207156","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3038321","volume":"8","author":"H Tangsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tangsen H, Li X, Ying X (2020) A Blockchain-Based Node Selection Algorithm in Cognitive Wireless Networks. IEEE Access 8:207156\u2013207166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3038321","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"1700_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2023.3255305","volume":"56","author":"G Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu G, Li E, Wei T (2023) Multimaster node byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm based on consistent hash algorithm. Computer 56(11):48\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2023.3255305","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"1700_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin M, Malkhi D, Reiter MK, Gueta GG, Abraham I (2019) HotStuff: BFT Consensus in the Lens of Blockchain. arXiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1803.05069","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1803.05069"}],"container-title":["Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01700-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01700-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01700-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T21:36:35Z","timestamp":1731706595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01700-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-024-01700-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3466608\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1936-6442","1936-6450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-6442","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-6450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The submitted works are original and have not been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), nor are they under consideration by another publisher. This manuscript has no plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate manipulation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All the authors agree to publication in Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}