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RA optimization was performed to maximize the communication rates of a particular number of users, the Network Energy Efficiency (NEE), or the Weighted Sum of Energy Efficiency (WSEE) of users. The results were compared with traditional FDMA. The total rate, NEE, and WSEE performance of the results were affected by various parameters such as the number of base stations, the number of users, transmitter power, and static power consumed at base stations. However, the proposed RA method achieved quite good performance for all these parameters. Particularly, as the number of users increases, and resources become limited, the proposed RA method becomes more important. Additionally, this method can be used to ensure equality among users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-025-01914-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T11:14:17Z","timestamp":1742296457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy-efficient OFDMA resource allocation in HetNets using discrete particle swarm optimization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Erhan","family":"Sesli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erdal","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","family":"Hac\u0131oglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhayani BS et\u00a0al (2022) Optimized video internet of things using elliptic curve cryptography based encryption and decryption. 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