{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:26:36Z","timestamp":1771953996234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Sci Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-020-00526-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T01:02:59Z","timestamp":1601427779000},"page":"1427-1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Morphological classification of galaxies using Conv-nets"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lalit Mohan","family":"Goyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maanak","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tushar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamta","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd Elfattah M, El-Bendary N, Abu Elsoud MA, Hassanien AE, Tolba MF (2013) An intelligent approach for galaxies images classification, in 13th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2013), pp 167\u2013172","DOI":"10.1109\/HIS.2013.6920476"},{"key":"526_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd Elfattah M, Elbendary N, Elminir HK, Abu El-Soud MA, Hassanien AE (2014) Galaxies image classification using empirical mode decomposition and machine learning techniques, in 2014 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), pp 15","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEngTechnol.2014.7016800"},{"key":"526_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baillard A et al. (2011), The EFIGI catalogue of 4458 nearby galaxies with detailed morphology, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol 532, id.A74, 27","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201016423"},{"key":"526_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1086\/507440","volume":"650","author":"NM Ball","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ball NM, Brunner RJ, Myers AD, Tcheng D (2006) Robust Machine Learning Applied to Astronomical Data Sets. I. Star-Galaxy Classification of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR3 Using Decision Trees. Astrophysical J 650:497\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/507440","journal-title":"Astrophysical J"},{"key":"526_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stw2672","volume":"464","author":"RJ Brunner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brunner RJ, Kim EJ (2017) Star-galaxy classification using deep convolutional neural networks. Monthly Royal Astronomical Soc 464:4463\u20134475","journal-title":"Monthly Royal Astronomical Soc"},{"key":"526_CR6","unstructured":"Calleja J, Fuentes O (2003) Machine learning and image analysis for morphological galaxy classification"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.07442.x","volume":"349","author":"J De La Calleja","year":"2004","unstructured":"De La Calleja J, Fuentes O (2004) Machine learning and image analysis for morphological galaxy classification. Mon Not R Astron Soc 349(1):87\u201393","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"key":"526_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1086\/164948","volume":"313","author":"S Djorgovski","year":"1987","unstructured":"Djorgovski S, Davis M (1987) Fundamental properties of elliptical galaxies. Astrophys J 313:59\u201368","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"526_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djorgovski SG, Donalek C, Mahabal A, Williams R, Drake AJ, Graham MJ, Glikman E (2006) Some pattern recognition challenges in data-intensive astronomy. In 18th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR'06). IEEE 1:856\u2013863","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.1064"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/264.4.832","volume":"264","author":"M Doi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Doi M, Fukugita M, Okamura S (1993) Morphological classification of galaxies using simple photometric parameters. Mon Not R Astron Soc 264(4):832\u2013838","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/142\/3\/72","volume":"142","author":"DJ Eisenstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eisenstein DJ, Weinberg DH, Agol E, Aihara H, Prieto CA, Anderson SF et al (2011) SDSS-III: massive spectroscopic surveys of the distant universe, the milky way, and extra-solar planetary systems. Astron J 142(3):72","journal-title":"Astron J"},{"key":"526_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1086\/165034","volume":"314","author":"DM Elmegreen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG (1987) Arm classifications for spiral galaxies. Astrophys J 314:3\u20139","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"526_CR13","unstructured":"Galaxy Zoo project(2014) Galaxy Zoo dataset from https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/c\/galaxy-zoo-the-galaxy-challenge\/data"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015193432240","volume":"279","author":"SN Goderya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goderya SN, Lolling SM (2002) Morphological classification of galaxies using computer vision and artificial neural networks: a computational scheme. Astrophys Space Sci 279(4):377\u2013387","journal-title":"Astrophys Space Sci"},{"key":"526_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habibi Aghdam H, Jahani Heravi E (2017) Guide to Convolutional Neural Networks. Cham: Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57550-6"},{"key":"526_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"S Kasivajhula","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kasivajhula S, Raghavan N, Shah H (2007) Morphological galaxy classification using machine learning. Mon Not R Astron Soc 8:1\u20138","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1086\/380934","volume":"127","author":"BC Kelly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kelly BC, McKay TA (2004) Morphological classification of galaxies by shapelet decomposition in the Sloan digital sky survey. Astron J 127(2):625","journal-title":"Astron J"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/283.1.207","volume":"283","author":"O Lahav","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lahav O, Nairn A, Sodr\u00e9 L Jr, Storrie-Lombardi MC (1996) Neural computation as a tool for galaxy classification: methods and examples. Mon Not R Astron Soc 283(1):207\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/283.1.207","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.17432.x","volume":"410","author":"C Lintott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lintott C, Schawinski K, Bamford S, Slosar A, Land K, Thomas D, Szalay A (2011) Galaxy zoo 1: data release of morphological classifications for nearly 900 000 galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 410(1):166\u2013178","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"key":"526_CR20","unstructured":"Marin MA, Sucar LE, Gonzalez JA, Diaz R (2013a) A hierarchical model for morphological galaxy classification. In The Twenty-Sixth International FLAIRS Conference"},{"key":"526_CR21","unstructured":"Marin M, Sucar LE, Gonzalez JA, Diaz R (2013b) A Hierarchical Model for Morphological Galaxy Classification, in Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, pp 438\u2013443"},{"key":"526_CR22","unstructured":"Perez L, Wang J (2017) The effectiveness of data augmentation in image classification using deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.04621"},{"key":"526_CR23","unstructured":"Raicu I, Foster I, Szalay A, Turcu G (2006) Astroportal: a science gateway for large-scale astronomy data analysis. In: Teragrid conference. pp 12-15"},{"key":"526_CR24","first-page":"1233","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. On computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), rotation, scaling and deformation invariant scattering for texture discrimination","author":"L Sifre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sifre L, Mallat S (2013) In: Gerard M, Ramin Z (eds) Proc. IEEE Conf. On computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), rotation, scaling and deformation invariant scattering for texture discrimination. IEEE, New York, p 1233"},{"key":"526_CR25","volume-title":"Digitised optical sky surveys. Astrophysics and space science library (a series of books on the recent developments of space science and of general geophysics and astrophysics published in connection with the journal space science reviews)","author":"G Spiekermann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spiekermann G (1992) Automated morphological classification of faint galaxies. In: HT MG, Thomson EB (eds) Digitised optical sky surveys. Astrophysics and space science library (a series of books on the recent developments of space science and of general geophysics and astrophysics published in connection with the journal space science reviews), vol 174. Springer, Dordrecht"},{"key":"526_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storrie-Lombardie MC, Lahav O, Sodre L, Storrie-Lombardie LJ (1992), Morphological Classification of Galaxies by Artificial Neural Network","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/259.1.8P"},{"issue":"6280","key":"526_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/346153a0","volume":"346","author":"EA Valentijn","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valentijn EA (1990) Opaque spiral galaxies. Nature 346(6280):153\u2013155","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/702\/2\/1502","volume":"702","author":"S Van den Bergh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van den Bergh S (2009) Lenticular galaxies and their environments. Astrophys J 702(2):1502","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1198\/10618600152418584","volume":"10","author":"DA Van Dyk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Dyk DA, Meng XL (2001) The art of data augmentation. J Comput Graph Stat 10(1):1\u201350","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"526_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1086\/117459","volume":"109","author":"N Weir","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weir N, Fayyad UM, Djorgovski S (1995) Automated star\/galaxy classification for digitized POSS-II. Astron J 109:2401","journal-title":"Astron J"},{"key":"526_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Willett KW, Lintott CJ, Bamford SP, Masters KL, Simmons BD, Casteels KRV, Edmondson EM, Fortson LF, Kaviraj S, Keel WC, Melvin T, Nichol RC, Raddick MJ, Schawinski K, Simpson RJ, Skibba RA, Smith AM, Thomas D (2013) Galaxy zoo : detailed morphological classifications for 304 122 galaxies from the Sloan digital sky survey. Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Soc 435(4):2835\u20132860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stt1458","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt1458"},{"key":"526_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong SC, Gatt A, Stamatescu V, McDonnell MD (2016) Understanding data augmentation for classification: when to warp?. In 2016 international conference on digital image computing: techniques and applications (DICTA) (pp 1-6). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2016.7797091"},{"key":"526_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu Y, Jin Z (2008). Down-sampling face images and low-resolution face recognition. In 2008 3rd international conference on innovative computing information and control (pp 392-392). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIC.2008.234"},{"issue":"11","key":"526_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2158226","volume":"20","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhao D, Zhang J, Xiong R, Gao W (2011) Interpolation-dependent image downsampling. IEEE Trans Image Process 20(11):3291\u20133296","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"526_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2020.01.018","volume":"124","author":"DX Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou DX (2020) Theory of deep convolutional neural networks: Downsampling. Neural Netw 124:319\u2013327","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"526_CR36","unstructured":"Zooniverse (n.d.) The science behind the site.\u00a0https:\/\/www.zooniverse.org\/projects\/zookeeper\/galaxy-zoo\/about\/research"}],"container-title":["Earth Science Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-020-00526-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12145-020-00526-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-020-00526-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T23:42:51Z","timestamp":1632958971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12145-020-00526-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-020-00526-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0473","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}