{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:33:53Z","timestamp":1772120033871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Sci Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-022-00930-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T05:02:20Z","timestamp":1673672540000},"page":"193-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimation of glacier mass balance using remote sensing and GIS technology in the Hindu\u00a0Kush region of northern Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sidra","family":"Bibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neelum","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Nazneen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liaqat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Siddique Ullah","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rehman","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"930_CR1","first-page":"711","volume":"1","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Israr M, Liu S (2018) Spatio-temporal trends in snow extent and their linkage to hydro-climatological and topographical factors in the Chitral River Basin (Hindukush, Pakistan). Geocarto Int 1(24):711\u2013734","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"key":"930_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.01.033","volume":"283","author":"A Ashraf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashraf A, Naz R, Iqbal MB (2017) Altitudinal dynamics of glacial lakes under changing climate in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya Ranges. Geomorphology 283:72\u201379","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"930_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baig SU, Muneeb F (2021) Adjustment of\u00a0glacier geometries to\u00a0future equilibrium line altitudes in\u00a0the\u00a0Shigar River Basin of\u00a0Karakoram Range, Pakistan. SN Appl Sci 3(482)","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04470-2"},{"key":"930_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakke J, Nesje A (2011) Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA). Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Springer, Netherlands, 268\u2013277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2642-2_140"},{"key":"930_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benn DI, Lehmkuhl F (2000) Mass Balance and Equilibrium line Altitudes of Glaciers in High Mountain Environments. Quat Int 65\/66(66):15\u201329","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(99)00034-8"},{"key":"930_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.925","volume":"20","author":"DI Benn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benn DI, Ballantyne KC (2005) Palaeoclimatic reconstruction from Loch Lomond Readvance glaciers in the West Drumochter Hills Scotland. J Quat Sci 20:577\u2013592","journal-title":"J Quat Sci"},{"key":"930_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brun F, Berthier E, Wagnon P, K\u00e4\u00e4b A, Treichler D (2017) A spatially resolved estimate of high mountain Asia glacier mass balances, 2000\u20132016. Nat Geosci 10(9):668\u2013673","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2999"},{"issue":"59","key":"930_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3189\/172756411799096277","volume":"12","author":"JG Cogley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cogley JG (2011) Present and future states of Himalaya and karakoram glaciers. Ann Glaciol 12(59):69\u201373","journal-title":"Ann Glaciol"},{"issue":"1","key":"930_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51983\/ajsat-2018.7.1.1027","volume":"7","author":"P Das","year":"2018","unstructured":"Das P, Rai M (2018) Determination of glacier mass balance using remote sensing and GIS technology: a case study of Bara Shigri Glacier Himachal Pradesh. Asian J Sci Appl Technol 7(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Asian J Sci Appl Technol"},{"issue":"196","key":"930_CR10","first-page":"309","volume":"56","author":"S Donghui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Donghui S, Shiyin L, Yongjian D, Yingsong Z, Jing L, Xiangying L, Zhen W (2017) Changes in the elevation and extent of two glaciers along the Yanglonghe river, Qilian Shan China. J Glaciol 56(196):309\u2013317","journal-title":"J Glaciol"},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1263-2013","volume":"7","author":"J Gardelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y, Kaab A (2013) Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999\u20132011. Cryosphere 7(4):1263\u20131286","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"930_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner AS, Moholdt G, Cogley G, Wouters B, Arendt AA, Wahr J (2013) A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009. Science 17:(340(6134)):852\u2013857","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532"},{"key":"930_CR13","unstructured":"Gilani SNA (2015) Geospatial analysis of glacial hazard prone areas of Shigar and Shayok Basin. Type. Thesis, NUST, Pakistan"},{"key":"930_CR14","unstructured":"Gilany SNA (2015) Geospatial analysis of glacial hazard prone areas of Shigar and Shayok Basin. Type. Thesis, NUST University Pakistan, ISB Pakistan"},{"key":"930_CR15","unstructured":"GLIMS, NSIDC (2018) Compiled and made available by the international GLIMS community and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder CO, U.S.A. Global Land Ice Measurements from Space glacier database"},{"key":"930_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gul J, Muhammad S, Liu S-y, Ullah S, Ahmad S, Hayat H, Tahir A A (2020) Spatio-temporal changes in the six major glaciers of the Chitral River basin (Hindukush Region of Pakistan) between 2001 and 2018. Journal of Mountain Science volume, Springer, 17(3):572\u2013587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-019-5728-9"},{"issue":"82","key":"930_CR17","first-page":"319","volume":"50","author":"J Harlin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harlin J (2008) The world\u2019s most significant climbs, American Alpine Club. The American Alpine Journal 50(82):319\u2013321","journal-title":"The American Alpine Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR18","first-page":"3159","volume":"27","author":"F Hussain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hussain F, Nabi G, Boota MW (2015) Rainfall trend analysis by using the Mann-kendall test & sen\u2019s slope estimates: a case study of district chakwal rain gauge, barani area, northern Punjab Province Pakistan. Sci Int (Lahore) 27(4):3159\u20133165","journal-title":"Sci Int (Lahore)"},{"key":"930_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2012.09.017","volume":"293","author":"A Igneczi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Igneczi A, Nagy B (2013) Determining steady-state accumulation-area ratios of outlet glaciers for application of outlets in climate reconstructions. Quat Int 293:268\u2013274","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"930_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.06.033","volume":"29","author":"Z Kern","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kern Z, Laszlo P (2010) Size specific steady-state accumulation-area ratio: an improvement for equilibrium-line estimation of small palaeoglaciers. Quat Sci Rev 29(19\u201320):2781\u20132787","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"930_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000076","volume":"39","author":"M Konig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Konig M, Winther J-G, Isaksson E (2001) Measuring snow and glacier ice properties from satellite. Rev Geophys 39(1):1\u201327","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"930_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin H, Li G, Cuo L, Hooper A, Ye Q (2017) A decreasing glacier mass balance gradient from the edge of the upper Tarim Basin to the Karakoram During 2000\u20132014. Sci Rep 7(6712)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07133-8"},{"key":"930_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683607078983","volume":"17","author":"S Lukas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lukas S (2007) Early-holocene glacier fluctuations in Krundalen, South Central Norway: palaeo-glacier dynamics and palaeoclimat. Holocene 17:585\u2013598","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"issue":"3","key":"930_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000479","volume":"5","author":"D McGrath","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGrath D, Sass L, O\u2019Neel S, Arendt A, Kienholz C (2017) Hypsometric control on glacier mass balance sensitivity in Alaska and Northwest Canada. Earth\u2019s Future Banner 5(3):324\u2013336","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future Banner"},{"issue":"3","key":"930_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683610385728","volume":"21","author":"SU Nussbaumer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nussbaumer SU, Nesje A, Zumbuhl HJ (2001) Historical glacier fluctuations of Jostedalsbreen and Folgefonna (southern Norway) reassessed by new pictorial and written evidence. Holocene 21(3):455\u2013477","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"issue":"124","key":"930_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2005.02.004","volume":"138","author":"H Osmaston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Osmaston H (2005) Estimates of glacier equilibrium line altitudes by the Area X Altitude, The Area X Altitude balance ratio and the Area X Altitude balance index methods and their validation. Quat Int 138(124):22\u201331","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"key":"930_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.05.005","volume":"82","author":"R Pellitero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pellitero R, Rea BR, Spagnolo M, Bakke J, Ivy-Ochs S, Hughes P, Lukas S, Ribolini A (2015) A GIS tool for automatic calculation of glacier equilibrium-line altitudes. Comput Geosci 82:55\u201362","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"930_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racoviteanu AE, Williams MW, Barry RG (2008) Optical remote sensing of glacier characteristics: a review with focus on the Himalaya. Sensors 8:3355\u20133383","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053355"},{"key":"930_CR29","unstructured":"Rashid A, Sayyed MRG, Bhat FA (2015) The Dynamic response of Kolohai Glacier to climate change March 2015 Authors. Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci 5(1):1\u20136"},{"key":"930_CR30","unstructured":"Rasul G, Dahe Q, Chaudhry QZ (2008) Global warming and melting glaciers along southern slopes of Hkh Ranges. Pak J Meteorol 5(9):63-76"},{"key":"930_CR31","unstructured":"Roohi R, Ahmed S, Ashraf A (2002) Characterization and classification of agro-climates of Pakistan. Pak J Agric Res 17:245-254"},{"key":"930_CR32","unstructured":"Shakir AS, Habib-ur-Rehman, Ehsan S (2010) Climate change impact on river flows in Chitral Watershed. Pak J Engg Appl Sci 7:12-23"},{"key":"930_CR33","unstructured":"Ahmed H (2020) International Mountain Day. Chitral News, Latest News & Views from Chitral. https:\/\/chitraltoday.net\/2020\/12\/11\/mountain-day-and-chitral\/"},{"key":"930_CR34","unstructured":"SUPARCO (2017) Glacier inventory of Pakistan. www.suparco.gov.pk\/downloadables\/Glacier_ATLAS_of_Pakistan.pdf"},{"key":"930_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawde S, Kulkarni AV (2016) Estimation of glacier mass balance on a basin scale:an approach based on satellite-derived snowlines and a temperature index model. Curr Sci 111(12)","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v111\/i12\/1977-1989"},{"key":"930_CR36","unstructured":"Trondheim BR (2013) Investigation of Landsat satellite image change detection of snow and ice cover A seasonal and multi annual time scale approach to evaluate this technique as a tool for water resource management. Master\u2019s thesis in Natural Resources Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, pp 1-88"},{"key":"930_CR37","unstructured":"Trueba JJG, Canadas ES (2004) The AAR method for Palaeo-ELA determination: methodological analysis and application to Valdecebollas Massif (Cantabrian Range). Geogr Res Lett 30:7-34"},{"key":"930_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu K, Jiang Z, Liu S, Zhu Y, Xie F, Gao Y, Yi Y, Tahir AA, Muhammad S (2020) Dynamics of glaciers in the Hunza Valley under an Equilibrium Mass State since 1990. Remote Sens 12:2922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12182922www.mdpi.com","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182922www.mdpi.com"},{"key":"930_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang X, Zhang T, Qin D, Kang S, Qin X (2011) Characteristics and changes in air temperature and glacier\u2019s response on the North Slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Mt. Everest). Arct Antarct Alp Res 43(1):147-160","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-43.1.147"},{"key":"930_CR40","unstructured":"Zasadni J, Swiader A, K\u0142apyta P (2018) A novel (raster input\/output) method of Equilibrium Line Altitude (AAR, AABR) estimation and glacier hypsometry analysis. Geophys Res Abstr 20"},{"key":"930_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zemp M, Thibert E, Huss M, Stumm D, Denby CR, Nuth C, Nussbaumer S U, Moholdt, Mercer A, Mayer C, Joerg PC, Jansson P, Hynek B, Fischer A, Escher-Vetter H, Elvehoy H, Andreassen LM (2013) Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series. Cryosphere 7:1227\u20131245","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1227-2013"}],"container-title":["Earth Science Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-022-00930-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12145-022-00930-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-022-00930-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T14:09:21Z","timestamp":1701698961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12145-022-00930-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-022-00930-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2225732\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0473","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Competing interests, the authors declare that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. No funding was obtained for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests\/Competing interests and Funding source"}}]}}