{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:40:18Z","timestamp":1772890818037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61972365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Sci Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-024-01304-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T10:02:03Z","timestamp":1712656923000},"page":"2609-2621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CEDG-GeoQA: Knowledge base question answering for the geoscience domain via Chinese entity description graph"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lai","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer S, Bizer C, Kobilarov G, Lehmann J, Cyganiak R, Ives Z (2007) Dbpedia: a nucleus for a web of open data. In: International semantic web conference. Springer, pp 722\u2013735","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52"},{"key":"1304_CR2","unstructured":"Berant J, Chou A, Frostig R, Liang P (2013) Semantic parsing on freebase from question-answer pairs. In: Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp 1533\u20131544"},{"key":"1304_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen W, Fosler-Lussier E, Xiao N, Raje S, Ramnath R, Sui D (2013) A synergistic framework for geographic question answering. In: 2013 IEEE Seventh international conference on semantic computing. IEEE, pp 94\u201399","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2013.25"},{"key":"1304_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng C, Zhang T, He Z, Chen Q, Shi Y, Zhou L, Fu L, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhou C et al (2023) Learning a foundation language model for geoscience knowledge understanding and utilization. arXiv:2306.05064","DOI":"10.1145\/3616855.3635772"},{"key":"1304_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K (2019) BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Burstein J, Doran C, Solorio T (eds) Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp 4171\u20134186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/N19-1423","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423"},{"key":"1304_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diefenbach D, Singh K, Maret P (2017) Wdaqua-core0: a question answering component for the research community. In: Semantic web challenges: 4th SemWebEval challenge at ESWC 2017, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 28-June 1, 2017, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, pp 84\u201389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69146-6_8"},{"issue":"5","key":"1304_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2766634","volume":"30","author":"S Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu S, Zou L, Yu JX, Wang H, Zhao D (2017) Answering natural language questions by subgraph matching over knowledge graphs. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(5):824\u2013837","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"1304_CR8","volume-title":"Geospatial technologies for local and regional Development","author":"C Huber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huber C, Rinner C, Kyriakidis P, Hadjimitsis D, Skarlatos D, Mansourian A (2020) Geospatial technologies for local and regional Development. Springer"},{"key":"1304_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu W, Li H, Sun Z, Qian X, Xue L, Cao E, Qu Y (2016) Clinga: bringing chinese physical and human geography in linked open data. In: The semantic web\u2013ISWC 2016: 15th international semantic web conference, Kobe, Japan, October 17\u201321, 2016, Proceedings, Part II 15. Springer, pp 104\u2013112","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46547-0_11"},{"key":"1304_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu X, Shu Y, Huang X, Qu Y (2021) Edg-based question decomposition for complex question answering over knowledge bases. In: The semantic web\u2013ISWC 2021: 20th international semantic web conference, ISWC 2021, Virtual Event, October 24\u201328, 2021, proceedings 20. Springer, pp 128\u2013145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88361-4_8"},{"key":"1304_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapanipathi P, Abdelaziz I, Ravishankar S, Roukos S, Gray A, Astudillo RF, Chang M, Cornelio C, Dana S, Fokoue-Nkoutche A et al (2021) Leveraging abstract meaning representation for knowledge base question answering. In: Findings of the association for computational linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, pp 3884\u20133894","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.339"},{"key":"1304_CR12","unstructured":"Kapanipathi P, Abdelaziz I, Ravishankar S, Roukos S, Gray A, Astudillo R, Chang M, Cornelio C, Dana S, Fokoue A et al (2020) Question answering over knowledge bases by leveraging semantic parsing and neuro-symbolic reasoning. arXiv:2012.01707"},{"key":"1304_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan Y, Jiang J (2020) Query graph generation for answering multi-hop complex questions from knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 969\u2013974","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.91"},{"key":"1304_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu C, Ji X, Dong Y, He M, Yang M, Wang Y (2023) Chinese mineral question and answering system based on knowledge graph. Expert Syst Appl 120841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120841"},{"key":"1304_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo K, Lin F, Luo X, Zhu K (2018) Knowledge base question answering via encoding of complex query graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, pp 2185\u20132194","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1242"},{"key":"1304_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mai G, Yan B, Janowicz K, Zhu R (2020) Relaxing unanswerable geographic questions using a spatially explicit knowledge graph embedding model. In: Geospatial technologies for local and regional development: proceedings of the 22nd AGILE conference on geographic information science 22. Springer, pp 21\u201339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14745-7_2"},{"key":"1304_CR17","first-page":"27730","volume":"35","author":"L Ouyang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ouyang L, Wu J, Jiang X, Almeida D, Wainwright C, Mishkin P, Zhang C, Agarwal S, Slama K, Ray A et al (2022) Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 35:27730\u201327744","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"1304_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punjani D, Singh K, Both A, Koubarakis M, Angelidis I, Bereta K, Beris T, Bilidas D, Ioannidis T, Karalis N et al (2018) Template-based question answering over linked geospatial data. In: Proceedings of the 12th workshop on geographic information retrieval, pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1145\/3281354.3281362"},{"key":"1304_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Zhang K, Wang Y, Jin X, Bai L, Guan S, Cheng X (2020) Hierarchical query graph generation for complex question answering over knowledge graph. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM international conference on information & knowledge management, pp 1285\u20131294","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3411888"},{"key":"1304_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00190","volume":"2","author":"S Reddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reddy S, Lapata M, Steedman M (2014) Large-scale semantic parsing without question-answer pairs. Trans Assoc Comput Linguist 2:377\u2013392","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Comput Linguist"},{"key":"1304_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen Y, Chen Z, Cheng G, Qu Y (2021) Ckgg: a chinese knowledge graph for high-school geography education and beyond. In: The semantic web\u2013ISWC 2021: 20th international semantic web conference, ISWC 2021, Virtual Event, October 24\u201328, 2021, Proceedings 20. Springer, pp 429\u2013445","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88361-4_25"},{"key":"1304_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Y, Zhang L, Cheng G, Qu Y (2020) Sparqa: skeleton-based semantic parsing for complex questions over knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, vol 34, pp 8952\u20138959","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6426"},{"key":"1304_CR23","unstructured":"Thoppilan R, De\u00a0Freitas D, Hall J, Shazeer N, Kulshreshtha A, Cheng H-T, Jin A, Bos T, Baker L, Du Y et al (2022) Lamda: language models for dialog applications. arXiv:2201.08239"},{"key":"1304_CR24","unstructured":"Touvron H, Lavril T, Izacard G, Martinet X, Lachaux M-A, Lacroix T, Rozi\u00e8re B, Goyal N, Hambro E, Azhar F et al (2023) Llama: open and efficient foundation language models. arXiv:2302.13971"},{"issue":"3","key":"1304_CR25","first-page":"80","volume":"31","author":"W Tunstall-Pedoe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tunstall-Pedoe W (2010) True knowledge: open-domain question answering using structured knowledge and inference. AI Mag 31(3):80\u201392","journal-title":"AI Mag"},{"key":"1304_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unger C, B\u00fchmann L, Lehmann J, Ngonga\u00a0Ngomo A-C, Gerber D, Cimiano P (2012) Template-based question answering over rdf data. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on world wide web, pp 639\u2013648","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187923"},{"key":"1304_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu H, Hamzei E, Nyamsuren E, Kruiger H, Winter S, Tomko M, Scheider S (2020) Extracting interrogative intents and concepts from geo-analytic questions. AGILE: GIScience Series 1:23","DOI":"10.5194\/agile-giss-1-23-2020"},{"key":"1304_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu B, Xu Y, Liang J, Xie C, Liang B, Cui W, Xiao Y (2017) Cn-dbpedia: a never-ending chinese knowledge extraction system. In: International conference on industrial, engineering and other applications of applied intelligent systems. Springer, pp 428\u2013438","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60045-1_44"},{"key":"1304_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younis EM, Jones CB, Tanasescu V, Abdelmoty AI (2012) Hybrid geo-spatial query methods on the semantic web with a spatially-enhanced index of dbpedia. In: Geographic information science: 7th international conference, GIScience 2012, Columbus, OH, USA, September 18-21, 2012. proceedings 7. Springer, pp 340\u2013353","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33024-7_25"}],"container-title":["Earth Science Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01304-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01304-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01304-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T09:29:46Z","timestamp":1717406986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01304-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01304-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0473","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}