{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:07:31Z","timestamp":1781539651279,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022928","name":"Shiv Nadar Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022928","name":"Shiv Nadar Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022928","name":"Shiv Nadar Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022928","name":"Shiv Nadar Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FGIR\/2023\/Proposal\/27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Sci Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-024-01517-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T23:26:26Z","timestamp":1736465186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of forest cover dynamics for the detection of deforestation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using geospatial and machine learning approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Laxmi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagabandhu","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prem Chandra","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"57","key":"1517_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86055","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15782-6","volume":"29","author":"D Abijith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abijith D, Saravanan S (2022) Assessment of land use and land cover change detection and prediction using remote sensing and CA Markov in the northern coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(57):86055\u201386067","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"1517_CR2","first-page":"100484","volume":"22","author":"B Adamu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adamu B, Rasul A, Whanda SJ, Headboy P, Muhammed I, Maiha IA (2021) Evaluating the accuracy of spectral indices from Sentinel-2 data for estimating forest biomass in urban areas of the tropical savanna. Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ 22:100484","journal-title":"Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ"},{"key":"1517_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderegg WR, Trugman AT, Badgley G, Anderson CM, Bartuska A, Ciais P, ..., Randerson JT (2020) Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests. Science 368(6497):eaaz7005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz7005"},{"key":"1517_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson BJR, Hardy EE, Roach JT, Witmer RE (1976) A Land Use And Land Cover Classification System for Use With Remote Sensor Data. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964; USGS: Reston, WV, USA, p. 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/pp964","DOI":"10.3133\/pp964"},{"key":"1517_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-3-61-2018","volume":"42","author":"\u00c1 Barsi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barsi \u00c1, Kugler Z, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I, Szab\u00f3 G, Abdulmutalib HM (2018) Accuracy dimensions in remote sensing. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 42:61\u201367","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/environments4020034","volume":"4","author":"AK Batar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Batar AK, Watanabe T, Kumar A (2017) Assessment of land-use\/land-cover change and forest fragmentation in the Garhwal Himalayan Region of India. Environments 4(2):34","journal-title":"Environments"},{"issue":"23","key":"1517_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232807","volume":"11","author":"A Bayle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bayle A, Carlson BZ, Thierion V, Isenmann M, Choler P (2019) Improved mapping of mountain shrublands using the sentinel-2 red-edge band. Remote Sens 11(23):2807","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"1517_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behera MD, Tripathi P, Das P, Srivastava SK, Roy PS, Joshi C, ..., Krishnamurthy YVN (2018) Remote sensing based deforestation analysis in Mahanadi and Brahmaputra river basin in India since 1985. J Environ Manag 206:1192\u20131203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.10.015"},{"key":"1517_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2020.100034","volume":"2","author":"B Bera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bera B, Saha S, Bhattacharjee S (2020) Forest cover dynamics (1998 to 2019) and prediction of deforestation probability using binary logistic regression (BLR) model of Silabati watershed, India. Trees For People 2:100034","journal-title":"Trees For People"},{"key":"1517_CR10","first-page":"100510","volume":"22","author":"B Bera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bera B, Bhattacharjee S, Sengupta N, Saha S (2021) Dynamics of deforestation and forest degradation hotspots applying geospatial techniques, apalchand forest in terai belt of himalayan foothills: Conservation priorities of forest ecosystem. Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ 22:100510","journal-title":"Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ"},{"issue":"24","key":"1517_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10690","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410690","volume":"12","author":"IS Bisht","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisht IS, Rana JC, Yadav R, Ahlawat SP (2020) Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity in traditional production landscapes for sustainable development: The Indian scenario. Sustainability 12(24):10690","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"1517_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12084","volume":"40","author":"C Bodart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bodart C, Brink AB, Donnay F, Lupi A, Mayaux P, Achard F (2013) Continental estimates of forest cover and forest cover changes in the dry ecosystems of Africa between 1990 and 2000. J Biogeogr 40(6):1036\u20131047","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/03736245.2000.9713695","volume":"82","author":"JH Botha","year":"2000","unstructured":"Botha JH, Fouche PS (2000) An assessment of land degradation in the Northern Province from satellite remote sensing and community perception. S Afr Geogr J 82(2):70\u201379","journal-title":"S Afr Geogr J"},{"key":"1517_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45:5\u201332","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"1517_CR15","first-page":"103399","volume":"122","author":"B Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai B, Shao Z, Huang X, Zhou X, Fang S (2023) Deep learning-based building height mapping using Sentinel-1 and Sentienl-2 data. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 122:103399","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"key":"1517_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2016.12.006","volume":"38","author":"A Chakraborty","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chakraborty A, Ghosh A, Sachdeva K, Joshi PK (2017) Characterizing fragmentation trends of the Himalayan forests in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, India. Eco Inform 38:95\u2013109","journal-title":"Eco Inform"},{"key":"1517_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"S Chakravarty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chakravarty S, Ghosh SK, Suresh CP, Dey AN, Shukla G (2012) Deforestation: causes, effects and control strategies. Glob Perspect Sustain For Manag 1:1\u201326","journal-title":"Glob Perspect Sustain For Manag"},{"key":"1517_CR18","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Biodiversity in India: Status, Issues and Challenges","author":"K Chandra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandra K, Gupta D (2022) Faunal diversity at ecosystem level in India: Dynamics and status. Biodiversity in India: Status, Issues and Challenges. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, pp 463\u2013492"},{"key":"1517_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chauhan JS, Gautam AS, Negi RS (2018) Natural and anthropogenic impacts on forest structure: a case study of Uttarakhand state. Open Environ Res J 11(1):1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874213001811010038","DOI":"10.2174\/1874213001811010038"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13408","volume":"34","author":"A Chiarucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiarucci A, Piovesan G (2020) Need for a global map of forest naturalness for a sustainable future. Conserv Biol 34(2):368\u2013372","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"1517_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.10547-0","volume":"3","author":"H Croft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Croft H, Chen JM (2018) Leaf pigment content. Compr Remote Sens 3:117\u2013142","journal-title":"Compr Remote Sens"},{"key":"1517_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusack DF, Karpman J, Ashdown D, Cao Q, Ciochina M, Halterman S, ..., Neupane A (2016) Global change effects on humid tropical forests: Evidence for biogeochemical and biodiversity shifts at an ecosystem scale. Rev Geophys 54(3):523\u2013610","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000510"},{"key":"1517_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dash SS, Mao AA (2022) Status, issues and challenges of biodiversity: Higher plants. Biodiversity in India: Status, Issues and Challenges, 25\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-9777-7_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9777-7_3"},{"issue":"4","key":"1517_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042001","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ac5b84","volume":"4","author":"RM David","year":"2022","unstructured":"David RM, Rosser NJ, Donoghue DN (2022) Remote sensing for monitoring tropical dryland forests: A review of current research, knowledge gaps and future directions for Southern Africa. Environ Res Commun 4(4):042001","journal-title":"Environ Res Commun"},{"key":"1517_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.05.002","volume":"62","author":"EM del Castillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"del Castillo EM, Garc\u00eda-Martin A, Aladr\u00e9n LAL, de Luis M (2015) Evaluation of forest cover change using remote sensing techniques and landscape metrics in Moncayo Natural Park (Spain). Appl Geogr 62:247\u2013255","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"1517_CR26","first-page":"100785","volume":"27","author":"H Ebrahimy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ebrahimy H, Mirbagheri B, Matkan AA, Azadbakht M (2022) Effectiveness of the integration of data balancing techniques and tree-based ensemble machine learning algorithms for spatially-explicit land cover accuracy prediction. Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ 27:100785","journal-title":"Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ"},{"key":"1517_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2014.12.001","volume":"8","author":"S Elalem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elalem S, Pal I (2015) Mapping the vulnerability hotspots over Hindu-Kush Himalaya region to flooding disasters. Weather Clim Extremes 8:46\u201358","journal-title":"Weather Clim Extremes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1517_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040700","volume":"12","author":"X Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan X, Liu Y, Wu G, Zhao X (2020) Compositing the minimum NDVI for daily water surface mapping. Remote Sens 12(4):700","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"3","key":"1517_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2021.2001317","volume":"66","author":"B Feizizadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feizizadeh B, Omarzadeh D, KazemiGarajeh M, Lakes T, Blaschke T (2023) Machine learning data-driven approaches for land use\/cover mapping and trend analysis using Google Earth Engine. J Environ Plan Manage 66(3):665\u2013697","journal-title":"J Environ Plan Manage"},{"key":"1517_CR30","volume-title":"India State of Forest Report (ISFR) Forest Survey of India (FSI), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change","author":"FSI","year":"2021","unstructured":"FSI (2021) India State of Forest Report (ISFR) Forest Survey of India (FSI), ministry of environment, forest and climate change. Govt. of India, Dehradun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12262","DOI":"10.1111\/nrm.12262","volume":"33","author":"MA Haq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haq MA, Baral P, Yaragal S, Rahaman G (2020) Assessment of trends of land surface vegetation distribution, snow cover and temperature over entire Himachal Pradesh using MODIS datasets. Nat Resour Model 33(2):e12262","journal-title":"Nat Resour Model"},{"key":"1517_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoekman D, Kooij B, Qui\u00f1ones M, Vellekoop S, Carolita I, Budhiman S, ..., Roswintiarti O (2020) Wide-area near-real-time monitoring of tropical forest degradation and deforestation using Sentinel-1. Remote Sens 12(19):3263","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193263"},{"issue":"3","key":"1517_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","volume":"25","author":"AR Huete","year":"1988","unstructured":"Huete AR (1988) A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sens Environ 25(3):295\u2013309","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"1517_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2012.00507.x","volume":"6","author":"AR Huete","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huete AR (2012) Vegetation indices, remote sensing and forest monitoring. Geogr Compass 6(9):513\u2013532","journal-title":"Geogr Compass"},{"key":"1517_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunka N, Duncanson L, Armston J, Dubayah R, Healey SP, Santoro M, ..., Melo J (2024) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 forest biomass estimates from Earth Observation. Sci Data 11(1):1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03930-9"},{"key":"1517_CR36","first-page":"881","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","year":"2001","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. In: Houghton JT et al (eds) Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, p 881"},{"key":"1517_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100162","volume":"4","author":"MR Islam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam MR, Khan MNI, Khan MZ, Roy B (2021) A three decade assessment of forest cover changes in Nijhum dwip national park using remote sensing and GIS. Environ Challenges 4:100162","journal-title":"Environ Challenges"},{"key":"1517_CR38","first-page":"102876","volume":"112","author":"N Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang N, Li P, Feng Z (2022) Remote sensing of swidden agriculture in the tropics: A review. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 112:102876","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"key":"1517_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.02.004","volume":"92","author":"R Kanade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kanade R, John R (2018) Topographical influence on recent deforestation and degradation in the Sikkim Himalaya in India; Implications for conservation of East Himalayan broadleaf forest. Appl Geogr 92:85\u201393","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"1517_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92782-0_13","volume-title":"Climate Change: Impacts, Responses and Sustainability in the Indian Himalaya","author":"D Kaur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaur D, Tiwana AS, Kaur S, Gupta S (2022) Climate change: concerns and influences on biodiversity of the Indian Himalayas. Climate Change: Impacts, Responses and Sustainability in the Indian Himalaya. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 265\u2013281"},{"key":"1517_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaur Banday M, Islam MA, Pala NA, Rashid M, Ahmad PI, Rather MM, Raja R (2021) Livelihood security and forest resource extraction by forest fringe communities in Indian Himalayan Region. In: Diversity and Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems (pp. 163\u2013194). Apple Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003145318-8","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003145318-8"},{"key":"1517_CR42","first-page":"13","volume":"4","author":"A Kayiranga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kayiranga A, Kurban A, Ndayisaba F, Nahayo L, Karamage F, Ablekim A, Li HW, Ilniyaz O (2016) Monitoring forest cover change and fragmentation using remote sensing and landscape metrics in Nyungwe-Kibira park. J Geosci Environ Prot 4:13\u201333","journal-title":"J Geosci Environ Prot"},{"key":"1517_CR43","first-page":"233","volume":"10","author":"V Khandekar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khandekar V, Srivastava A (2014) Ecosystem biodiversity of India. Dyn Balance Planet 10:233\u2013274","journal-title":"Dyn Balance Planet"},{"key":"1517_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar P, Sharma LK, Pandey PC, Sinha S, Nathawat MS (2013) Geospatial strategy for tropical forest-wildlife reserve biomass estimation.\u00a0IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens\u00a06(2):917\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSTARS.4609443","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.4609443"},{"key":"1517_CR45","first-page":"100695","volume":"25","author":"R Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar R, Nath AJ, Nath A, Sahu N, Pandey R (2022) Landsat-based multi-decadal spatio-temporal assessment of the vegetation greening and browning trend in the Eastern Indian Himalayan Region. Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ 25:100695","journal-title":"Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ"},{"key":"1517_CR46","first-page":"501","volume":"35","author":"B Kumari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumari B, Solanki H, Kumar A (2020) Climate change: a burning issue for the world. Medicine 35:501\u2013507","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"24","key":"1517_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13758","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413758","volume":"13","author":"KN Loukika","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loukika KN, Keesara VR, Sridhar V (2021) Analysis of land use and land cover using machine learning algorithms on google earth engine for Munneru River Basin, India. Sustainability 13(24):13758","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"1517_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030330","volume":"1","author":"R Manandhar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manandhar R, Odeh IO, Ancev T (2009) Improving the accuracy of land use and land cover classification of Landsat data using post-classification enhancement. Remote Sens 1(3):330\u2013344","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2015.1040871","volume":"31","author":"A Mukherji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mukherji A, Molden D, Nepal S, Rasul G, Wagnon P (2015) Himalayan waters at the crossroads: issues and challenges. Int J Water Resour Dev 31(2):151\u2013160","journal-title":"Int J Water Resour Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1517_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091977","volume":"14","author":"V Nasiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasiri V, Deljouei A, Moradi F, Sadeghi SMM, Borz SA (2022) Land use and land cover mapping using Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 Satellite Images, and Google Earth Engine: A comparison of two composition methods. Remote Sens 14(9):1977","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"1517_CR51","first-page":"21","volume":"2","author":"B Nath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nath B (2014) Quantitative assessment of forest cover change of a part of Bandarban Hill tracts using NDVI techniques. J Geosci Geomatics 2(1):21\u201327","journal-title":"J Geosci Geomatics"},{"key":"1517_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2022.100222","volume":"8","author":"GCS Negi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Negi GCS (2022) Trees, forests and people: The Central Himalayan case of forest ecosystem services. Trees For People 8:100222","journal-title":"Trees For People"},{"key":"1517_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning W, Rawat GS,\u00a0Joshi S, Ismail M, Sharma E (2013) High-altitude rangelands and their interfaces in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.579"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/cli8020021","volume":"8","author":"LJ Nunes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nunes LJ, Meireles CI, Pinto Gomes CJ, Almeida Ribeiro NM (2020) Forest contribution to climate change mitigation: Management oriented to carbon capture and storage. Climate 8(2):21","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"3","key":"1517_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.15243\/jdmlm.2019.063.1747","volume":"6","author":"A Oljirra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oljirra A (2019) The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. J Degraded Min Lands Manag 6(3):1747","journal-title":"J Degraded Min Lands Manag"},{"key":"1517_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Omran A, Schwarz-Herion O (2020) Deforestation in Malaysia: the current practice and the way forward. Sustaining our Environment for Better Future: Challenges and Opportunities, 175\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-7158-5_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7158-5_11"},{"issue":"2","key":"1517_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.004","volume":"103","author":"M Ozdogan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozdogan M, Woodcock CE (2006) Resolution dependent errors in remote sensing of cultivated areas. Remote Sens Environ 103(2):203\u2013217","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"26","key":"1517_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13860","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2086622","volume":"37","author":"CB Pande","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pande CB (2022) Land use\/land cover and change detection mapping in Rahuri watershed area (MS), India using the google earth engine and machine learning approach. Geocarto Int 37(26):13860\u201313880","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"key":"1517_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey PC (2024) Relationship of bioclimatic and topographic variation on species-biomass distribution in tropical forest reserve. Trop Ecol 65(4):677\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42965-024-00356-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s42965-024-00356-7"},{"key":"1517_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey PC,\u00a0Srivastava PK, Chetri T, Choudhary BK, Kumar P\u00a0(2019) Forest biomass estimation using remote sensing and field inventory: a case study of Tripura India. Environ Monit Assess 191(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-019-7730-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7730-7"},{"key":"1517_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey PC, Tate NJ, Balzter H (2014) Mapping tree species in Coastal Portugal using statistically segmented principal component analysis and other methods. IEEE Sens J 14(12):4434\u20134441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2335612","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2335612"},{"key":"1517_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey PC, Koutsias N, Petropoulos GP, Srivastava PK, Ben Dor E (2021) Land use\/land cover in view of earth observation: data sources input dimensions and classifiers\u2014a review of the state of the art. Geocarto Int 36(9):957\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2019.1629647","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2019.1629647"},{"issue":"7","key":"1517_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071132","volume":"12","author":"S Pesaresi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pesaresi S, Mancini A, Quattrini G, Casavecchia S (2020) Mapping mediterranean forest plant associations and habitats with functional principal component analysis using Landsat 8 NDVI time series. Remote Sensing 12(7):1132","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"14","key":"1517_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142291","volume":"12","author":"D Phiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phiri D, Simwanda M, Salekin S, Nyirenda VR, Murayama Y, Ranagalage M (2020) Sentinel-2 data for land cover\/use mapping: A review. Remote Sens 12(14):2291","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"1517_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-019-00710-y","volume":"6","author":"P Pokhriyal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pokhriyal P, Rehman S, Areendran G et al (2020) Assessing forest cover vulnerability in Uttarakhand, India using analytical hierarchy process. Model Earth Syst Environ 6:821\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40808-019-00710-y","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"1517_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potapov PV, Dempewolf J, Talero Y, Hansen MC, Stehman SV, Vargas C, ..., Zutta BR (2014) National satellite-based humid tropical forest change assessment in Peru in support of REDD+ implementation. Environ Res Lett 9(12):124012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/12\/124012"},{"key":"1517_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puyravaud JP (2003) Standardizing the calculation of the annual rate of deforestation. For Ecol Manage 177(1\u20133):593\u2013596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(02)00335-3"},{"key":"1517_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putz FE, Sasaki N (2009) What is \u201cforest?\u201d response to Guariguata et al. Conserv Lett 2(6):288\u2013289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2009.00076.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"1517_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9070137","volume":"9","author":"TM Radwan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Radwan TM (2019) Monitoring agricultural expansion in a newly reclaimed area in the western nile delta of Egypt using landsat imageries. Agriculture 9(7):137","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"1517_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56556\/jescae.v1i4.269","volume":"1","author":"A Raihan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022) Nexus between energy use, industrialization, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Russia. J Environ Sci Econ 1(4):1\u201311","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Econ"},{"key":"1517_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-015-0521-x","volume":"45","author":"RM Ramachandran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramachandran RM, Reddy CS (2017) Monitoring of deforestation and land use changes (1925\u20132012) in Idukki district, Kerala, India using remote sensing and GIS. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 45:163\u2013170","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Remote Sens"},{"issue":"7","key":"1517_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3390\/land10070678","volume":"10","author":"G Randazzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Randazzo G, Cascio M, Fontana M, Gregorio F, Lanza S, Muzirafuti A (2021) Mapping of Sicilian pocket beaches land use\/land cover with Sentinel-2 imagery: A case study of Messina Province. Land 10(7):678","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"1517_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-016-0788-5","volume":"126","author":"CS Reddy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reddy CS, Singh S, Dadhwal VK, Jha CS, Rao NR, Diwakar PG (2017) Predictive modelling of the spatial pattern of past and future forest cover changes in India. J Earth Syst Sci 126:1\u201316","journal-title":"J Earth Syst Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1517_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040816","volume":"13","author":"E Roteta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roteta E, Bastarrika A, Franquesa M, Chuvieco E (2021) Landsat and sentinel-2 based burned area mapping tools in google earth engine. Remote Sens 13(4):816","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"04","key":"1517_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2017.84033","volume":"8","author":"SS Rwanga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rwanga SS, Ndambuki JM (2017) Accuracy assessment of land use\/land cover classification using remote sensing and GIS. Int J Geosci 8(04):611","journal-title":"Int J Geosci"},{"key":"1517_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.290","volume":"627","author":"M Sahana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahana M, Hong H, Sajjad H, Liu J, Zhu AX (2018) Assessing deforestation susceptibility to forest ecosystem in Rudraprayag district, India using fragmentation approach and frequency ratio model. Sci Total Environ 627:1264\u20131275","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1517_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9710-y","volume":"27","author":"F Sangermano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sangermano F, Toledano J, Eastman JR (2012) Land cover change in the Bolivian Amazon and its implications for REDD+ and endemic biodiversity. Landsc Ecol 27:571\u2013584","journal-title":"Landsc Ecol"},{"key":"1517_CR78","first-page":"318","volume":"52","author":"M Schultz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schultz M, Clevers JG, Carter S, Verbesselt J, Avitabile V, Quang HV, Herold M (2016) Performance of vegetation indices from Landsat time series in deforestation monitoring. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 52:318\u2013327","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"key":"1517_CR79","unstructured":"Shetty S (2019) Analysis of machine learning classifiers for LULC classification on Google Earth Engine (Master\u2019s thesis, University of Twente).\u00a0Available online: https:\/\/essay.utwente.nl\/83543\/1\/shetty.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"1517_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081433","volume":"13","author":"S Shetty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shetty S, Gupta PK, Belgiu M, Srivastav SK (2021) Assessing the effect of training sampling design on the performance of machine learning classifiers for land cover mapping using multi-temporal remote sensing data and google earth engine. Remote Sens 13(8):1433","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"1517_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.11.047","volume":"99","author":"S Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh S, Reddy CS, Pasha SV, Dutta K, Saranya KRL, Satish KV (2017) Modeling the spatial dynamics of deforestation and fragmentation using Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network and landscape fragmentation tool. Ecol Eng 99:543\u2013551","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"key":"1517_CR82","unstructured":"Singh SP, Bassignana-Khadka I, Singh Karky B, Sharma E (2011) Climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: the state of current knowledge. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"key":"1517_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudhakar Reddy C, Jha CS, Dadhwal VK, Hari Krishna P, Vazeed Pasha S, Satish KV, ..., Diwakar PG (2016) Quantification and monitoring of deforestation in India over eight decades (1930\u20132013). Biodivers Conserv 25:93-116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-015-1033-2"},{"key":"1517_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00656-7","volume":"23","author":"S Thakur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thakur S, Maity D, Mondal I, Basumatary G, Ghosh PB, Das P, De TK (2021) Assessment of changes in land use, land cover, and land surface temperature in the mangrove forest of Sundarbans, northeast coast of India. Environ Dev Sustain 23:1917\u20131943","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"1517_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-08958-7","volume":"193","author":"S Thiam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thiam S, Villamor GB, Faye LC, S\u00e8ne JHB, Diwediga B, Kyei-Baffour N (2021) Monitoring land use and soil salinity changes in coastal landscape: A case study from Senegal. Environ Monit Assess 193:1\u201318","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"1517_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030287","volume":"9","author":"J Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian J, Schneider T, Straub C, Kugler F, Reinartz P (2017) Exploring digital surface models from nine different sensors for forest monitoring and change detection. Remote Sens 9(3):287","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"1517_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu Y, Lang W, Yu L, Li Y, Jiang J, Qin Y, ..., Xu B (2020) Improved mapping results of 10 m resolution land cover classification in Guangdong, China using multisource remote sensing data with Google Earth Engine. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 13:5384\u20135397","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3022210"},{"issue":"5","key":"1517_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2009.00067.x","volume":"2","author":"FE Tubiello","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tubiello FE (2009) Critical need for new definitions of \u201cforest\u201d and \u201cforest degradation\u201d in global climate change agreements. Conserv Lett 2(5):226\u2013232","journal-title":"Conserv Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"1517_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-1681-2021","volume":"13","author":"FN Tubiello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tubiello FN, Conchedda G, Wanner N, Federici S, Rossi S, Grassi G (2021) Carbon emissions and removals from forests: new estimates, 1990\u20132020. Earth Syst Sci Data 13(4):1681\u20131691","journal-title":"Earth Syst Sci Data"},{"key":"1517_CR90","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"K Venkataraman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkataraman K, Sivaperuman C (2018) Biodiversity hotspots in India. Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Divers Conserv Manag 1:1\u201327","journal-title":"Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Divers Conserv Manag"},{"key":"1517_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.03.017","volume":"41","author":"KO Were","year":"2013","unstructured":"Were KO, Dick \u00d8B, Singh BR (2013) Remotely sensing the spatial and temporal land cover changes in Eastern Mau forest reserve and Lake Nakuru drainage basin, Kenya. Appl Geogr 41:75\u201386","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1517_CR92","first-page":"1353691","volume":"2017","author":"J Xue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xue J, Su B (2017) Significant remote sensing vegetation indices: A review of developments and applications. J Sensors 2017(1):1353691","journal-title":"J Sensors"},{"key":"1517_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao T, Thompson L, Yang W, Yu W, Gao Y, Guo X, ..., Joswiak D (2012) Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nat Clim Change 2(9):663\u2013667","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580"},{"key":"1517_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You QL, Ren GY, Zhang YQ, Ren YY, Sun XB, Zhan YJ, ..., Krishnan R (2017) An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. Adv Clim Change Res 8(3):141\u2013147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2017.04.001"},{"key":"1517_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Islam F, Waseem LA, Tariq A, Nawaz M, Islam IU, ..., Hatamleh WA (2024) Comparison of three machine learning algorithms using google earth engine for land use land cover classification. Rangel Ecol Manag 92:129\u2013137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2023.10.007"}],"container-title":["Earth Science Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01517-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01517-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01517-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T08:07:54Z","timestamp":1745654874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01517-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01517-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0473","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical clearance is required as no animals or humans are used in the present study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}