{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:09:16Z","timestamp":1787947756259,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Sci Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-025-01735-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T09:41:47Z","timestamp":1739266907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improvement of temperature and humidity profile retrieval from brightness temperature data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1735_CR19","unstructured":"Chen Y (2021) Quality control of microwave radiometers and research on the inversion algorithms. Master Thesis, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing"},{"issue":"1","key":"1735_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1994)011<0105:TPWNNI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"11","author":"JH Churnside","year":"1994","unstructured":"Churnside JH, Stermitz TA, Schroeder JA (1994) Temperature profiling with neural network inversion of microwave radiometer data. J Atmos Ocean Technol 11(1):105\u2013109","journal-title":"J Atmos Ocean Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1735_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0099","volume":"15","author":"D Cimini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cimini D, Hewison TJ, Martin L, G\u00fcldner J, Gaffard C, Marzano FS (2006) Temperature and humidity profile retrievals from ground-based microwave radiometers during TUC. Meteorol Z 15(1):45\u201356","journal-title":"Meteorol Z"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.70.340","volume":"70","author":"RH Dicke","year":"1946","unstructured":"Dicke RH, Beringer R, Kyhl RL, Vane AB (1946) Atmospheric absorption measurements with a microwave radiometer. Phys Rev 70(5\u20136):340\u2013348","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1735_CR5","first-page":"20","volume":"41","author":"X Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan X, Mao W, Wu X, Qu Z, Zhang B, Zhang W (2019) Research of an inversion method based on pseudoinverse learning algorithm for ground-based microwave radiometer measurement. J Southwest Univ (Natural Sci Edition) 41(1):20\u201322","journal-title":"J Southwest Univ (Natural Sci Edition)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1735_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TGE.1979.294639","volume":"17","author":"F Guiraud","year":"1979","unstructured":"Guiraud F, Howard J, Hogg D (1979) A dual-channel microwave radiometer for measurement of precipitable water vapor and liquid. IEEE Trans Geoscience Electron 17(4):129\u2013136","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geoscience Electron"},{"issue":"4","key":"1735_CR10","first-page":"137","volume":"45","author":"A Hai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hai A, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao K, Li J, Liu X (2016) A ground-based multi-channel microwave radiometer model QFW-600 and analysis of observation results under typical weather. Fire Control Radar Technol 45(4):137\u2013140","journal-title":"Fire Control Radar Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1735_CR16","first-page":"138","volume":"33","author":"X Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang X, Zhang X, Leng L, Li F, Fan Y (2013) Study on retrieval methods with MonoRTM for microwave radiometer measurements. J Meteorological Sci 33(2):138\u2013145","journal-title":"J Meteorological Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1121-2012","volume":"5","author":"U L\u00f6hnert","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f6hnert U, Maier O (2012) Operational profiling of temperature using ground-based microwave radiometry at payerne: prospects and challenges. Atmos Meas Tech 5(5):1121\u20131134","journal-title":"Atmos Meas Tech"},{"key":"1735_CR9","first-page":"193","volume":"2","author":"J Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu J, Huang J, Guo X, Yu Z, Lei L, Zhang B (2014) A 35-channal microwave radiometer for profiling atmospheric temperature and humidity. Meteorological Sci Technol 2:193\u2013197","journal-title":"Meteorological Sci Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-3355-2015","volume":"8","author":"G Massaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Massaro G, Stiperski I, Pospichal B, Rotach MW (2015) Accuracy of retrieving temperature and humidity profiles by ground-based microwave radiometry in truly complex terrain. Atmos Meas Tech 8(8):3355\u20133367","journal-title":"Atmos Meas Tech"},{"key":"1735_CR20","unstructured":"Measure EM, Yee YP, Balding JM, Watkins WR (1992) Inverting radiometric measurements with a neural network. Remote Sensing of the Propagation Environment. AGARD-CP-502, pp. 301-306, 1992"},{"key":"1735_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"61","author":"SQ Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng SQ, Zhang CX, Shi Q, Chen Z, Hu WM, Lu F (2023) A robust infrared small target detection method jointing multiple information and noise prediction: algorithm and benchmark. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 61:1\u201317","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens"},{"key":"1735_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3335418","volume":"61","author":"L Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun L, Wang Q, Chen YW, Zheng YH, Wu ZB, Fu LY, Jeon B, CRNet (2023) Channel-enhanced remodeling-based network for salient object detection in optical remote sensing images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 61:1\u201314","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens"},{"key":"1735_CR4","unstructured":"Ulaby FT, Moore RK, Fung AK (1988) Microwave remote sensing, active and passive, vol. I: Fundaments and Radiometry. Beijing: Sciences Publishing"},{"key":"1735_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.12.007","volume":"124","author":"M Venkat Ratnam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkat Ratnam M, Durga Santhi Y, Rajeevan M, Rao SVB (2013) Diurnal variability of stability indices observed using radiosonde observations over a tropical station: comparison with microwave radiometer measurements. Atmos Res 124:21\u201333","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"1735_CR15","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang Z, Li Q, Zhu Y (2014) Research of the one-dimensional variational algorithm for retrieving temperature and humidity profiles from the ground-based microwave radiometer.  Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2014, 72(3): 570-582"},{"issue":"3","key":"1735_CR8","first-page":"238","volume":"38","author":"G Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu G, Zhang W, Wan X, Wang B, Leng L, Zhou L, Wan R (2019) Analysis on atmospheric profiles retrieved from microwave radiometer observation at Ganzi in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Torrential Rain Disasters 38(3):238\u2013248","journal-title":"Torrential Rain Disasters"},{"issue":"2","key":"1735_CR17","first-page":"133","volume":"25","author":"Z Yao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yao Z, Chen H (2005) Analysis of the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles using the seven channels microwave radiometer. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica 25(2):133\u2013141","journal-title":"Scientia Meteorologica Sinica"},{"key":"1735_CR11","unstructured":"Zhang T (2020) Research on retrieval of temperature and humidity profile based on ground-based microwave radiometer data. Master Thesis, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing"},{"key":"1735_CR2","unstructured":"Zhou Y (2010) Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles by ground based multi-channel microwave sounders. Master Thesis, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Center for Space Science and Applied Research), Beijing"}],"container-title":["Earth Science Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-025-01735-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12145-025-01735-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-025-01735-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T04:51:42Z","timestamp":1757134302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12145-025-01735-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-025-01735-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0473","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"249"}}