{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:20:30Z","timestamp":1772007630989,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2025QC413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42171413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Sci Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-026-02081-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T08:15:38Z","timestamp":1770797738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A deep learning matching method for geological spatial entities and descriptive texts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adams B, McKenzie G, Gahegan M (2015) Frankenplace: interactive thematic mapping for ad hoc exploratory search. Proc 24th Int Conf World Wide Web 12\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2736277.2741137","DOI":"10.1145\/2736277.2741137"},{"key":"2081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amitay E, Har\u2019El N, Sivan R, Soffer A (2004) Web-a-where: geotagging web content. Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. pp 273\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1008992.1009040","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009040"},{"key":"2081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.174137752.20965470\/v1","author":"L Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai L, Zhang X, Qin W, Long J, Wang H, Dong X, Du S (2025) From orbit to ground: A comprehensive review of multimodal Self-Supervised learning for remote sensing. Authorea Preprints. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36227\/techrxiv.174137752.20965470\/v1","journal-title":"Authorea Preprints"},{"key":"2081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balsebre P, Yao D, Cong G, Hai Z (2022) Geospatial entity resolution. Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022. pp 3061\u20133070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485447.3512026","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3512026"},{"key":"2081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bereta K, Koubarakis M (2016) Ontop of Geospatial databases. Semantic Web\u2013ISWC 2016: 15th Int Semantic Web Conf 37\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46523-4_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46523-4_3"},{"key":"2081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-020-00596-8","volume":"55","author":"A Bouziri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bouziri A, Latiri C, Gaussier E (2020) LTR-expand: query expansion model based on learning to rank association rules. J Intell Inform Syst 55:261\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10844-020-00596-8","journal-title":"J Intell Inform Syst"},{"key":"2081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brunsting S, De Sterck H, Dolman R, van Sprundel T (2016) Geotexttagger: High-precision location tagging of textual documents using a natural Language processing approach. ArXiv Preprint arXiv 160105893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1601.05893","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1601.05893"},{"key":"2081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2021.105005","volume":"159","author":"F Cicconeto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cicconeto F, Vieira LV, Abel M, Alvarenga RS, Carbonera JL, Garcia LF (2022) GeoReservoir: an ontology for deep-marine depositional system geometry description. Comput Geosci 159:105005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2021.105005","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"2081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding R, Chen B, Xie P, Huang F, Li X, Zhang Q, Xu Y (2023) Mgeo: Multi-modal geographic Language model pre-training. Proc 46th Int ACM SIGIR Conf Res Dev Inform Retr 185\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3539618.3591728","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591728"},{"key":"2081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-023-00260-3","volume":"16","author":"DB Ebaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ebaid DB, Madbouly MM, El-Zoghabi AA (2023) Bi-directional image\u2013text matching deep learning-based approaches: concepts, methodologies, benchmarks and challenges. Int J Comput Intell Syst 16:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-023-00260-3","journal-title":"Int J Comput Intell Syst"},{"key":"2081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enkhsaikhan M, Liu W, Holden E-J, Duuring P (2018) Towards geological knowledge discovery using vector-based semantic similarity. Int Conf Adv Data Min Appl 224\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05090-0_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05090-0_20"},{"key":"2081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foka A et al (2021) Mapping Ancient Heritage with Digital Tools. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/bck.f","DOI":"10.5334\/bck.f"},{"key":"2081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.104387","volume":"135","author":"LF Garcia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia LF, Abel M, Perrin M, dos Santos Alvarenga R (2020) The GeoCore ontology: a core ontology for general use in geology. Comput Geosci 135:104387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.104387","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"2081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo R et al (2024) A survey on advancements in image-text multimodal models: from general techniques to biomedical implementations. Comput Biol Med 108709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108709"},{"key":"2081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2025.106783","volume":"185","author":"M Hajihosseinlou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hajihosseinlou M, Maghsoudi A, Ghezelbash R (2025a) A semi-supervised approach for mineral prospectivity mapping via weighted positive-unlabeled learning and tree-structured Parzen estimator for hyperparameter optimization. Ore Geol Rev 185:106783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2025.106783","journal-title":"Ore Geol Rev"},{"key":"2081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2025.107755","volume":"274","author":"M Hajihosseinlou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hajihosseinlou M, Maghsoudi A, Ghezelbash R (2025b) A semi-supervised learning framework for intelligent mineral prospectivity mapping: incorporation of the catboost and Gaussian mixture model algorithms. J Geochem Explor 274:107755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2025.107755","journal-title":"J Geochem Explor"},{"key":"2081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1330366","volume":"11","author":"SY Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han SY, Ming-Hsiang T, Clarke KC (2018) Revisiting the death of geography in the era of big data: the friction of distance in cyberspace and real space. Int J Digit Earth 11:451\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538947.2017.1330366","journal-title":"Int J Digit Earth"},{"key":"2081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.12082\/dqxxkx.2018.170328","volume":"20","author":"Z Hou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hou Z, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Song J, Qin C (2018) Geologic time scale ontology and its applications in semantic retrieval. J Geo-Inf Sci 20:17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12082\/dqxxkx.2018.170328","journal-title":"J Geo-Inf Sci"},{"key":"2081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-4051.2016.02.033","volume":"25","author":"S Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"HuangS, Liu X, Sun L, ZHu Q (2016) Discussion on geological data integration and services in the big data age. China mining magazine 25:170\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1004-4051.2016.02.033","journal-title":"China mining magazine"},{"key":"2081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kannan A, Givoni IE, Agrawal R, Fuxman A (2011) Matching unstructured product offers to structured product specifications. Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. pp 404\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2020408.2020474","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020474"},{"key":"2081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1188930","volume":"31","author":"J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim J, Maria V, Winter S (2017) Similarity matching for integrating Spatial information extracted from place descriptions. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 31:56\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13658816.2016.1188930","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"2081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-018-0362-6","volume":"12","author":"S Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li S, Pu G, Cheng C, Chen B (2019a) Method for managing and querying geo-spatial data using a grid-code-array Spatial index. Earth Sci Inf 12:173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-018-0362-6","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inf"},{"key":"2081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-019-00402-2","volume":"12","author":"W Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li W, Wu L, Xie Z, Tao L, Zou K, Li F, Miao J (2019b) Ontology-based question Understanding with the constraint of Spatio-temporal geological knowledge. Earth Sci Inf 12:599\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-019-00402-2","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inf"},{"key":"2081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13040135","volume":"13","author":"L Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang L, Chang Y, Quan Y, Wang C (2024) A Hierarchy-Aware geocoding model based on Cross-Attention within the Seq2Seq framework. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 13:135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13040135","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Information"},{"key":"2081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10100647","volume":"10","author":"Z Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Z, Chen L, Yang A, Ma M, Cao J (2021) HiIndex: an efficient Spatial index for rapid visualization of Large-Scale geographic vector data. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 10:647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10100647","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Information"},{"key":"2081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-023-00233-6","volume":"16","author":"S Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu S, Ding Y, Liu M, Yin Z, Yin L, Zheng W (2023) Multiscale feature extraction and fusion of image and text in VQA. Int J Comput Intell Syst 16:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-023-00233-6","journal-title":"Int J Comput Intell Syst"},{"key":"2081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28064","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2837666","volume":"6","author":"K Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma K, Wu L, Tao L, Li W, Xie Z (2018) Matching descriptions to Spatial entities using a Siamese hierarchical attention network. IEEE Access 6:28064\u201328072","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2024.105889","volume":"165","author":"K Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma K et al (2024) Multi-granularity retrieval of mineral resource geological reports based on multi-feature association. Ore Geol Rev 165:105889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2024.105889","journal-title":"Ore Geol Rev"},{"key":"2081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olson RM, Kim J, Chiang Y-Y (2023) An automatic approach to finding geographic name changes on historical maps. Proceedings of the 31st ACM international conference on advances in geographic information systems. p 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3589132.3628368","DOI":"10.1145\/3589132.3628368"},{"key":"2081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2018.1564478","volume":"3","author":"Z Qi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qi Z, Xuelong L (2019) Big data: new methods and ideas in geological scientific research. Big Earth Data 3:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20964471.2018.1564478","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"2081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiang Y, Zheng J, Wu L, Wen H, Lou J, Deng M (2024) A Momentum Contrastive Learning Framework for Query-POI Matching. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). pp 833\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDM59182.2024.00101","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM59182.2024.00101"},{"key":"2081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2023.105739","volume":"163","author":"Q Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu Q, Duan Y, Ma K, Tao L, Xie Z (2023a) Information extraction and knowledge linkage of geological profiles and related contextual texts from mineral exploration reports for geological knowledge graphs construction. Ore Geol Rev 163:105739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2023.105739","journal-title":"Ore Geol Rev"},{"key":"2081_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.16108\/j.issn1006-7493.2023025","volume":"29","author":"Q Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu Q, MA K, XIE Z, TAO L, HUANG B (2023b) Spatial Entity-Text information matching for geological surveys based on Siamese network with attention mechanism. Geol J China Universities 29:337\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16108\/j.issn1006-7493.2023025","journal-title":"Geol J China Universities"},{"key":"2081_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2023.105863","volume":"165","author":"Q Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu Q, Tian M, Tao L, Xie Z, Ma K (2024) Semantic information extraction and search of mineral exploration data using text mining and deep learning methods. Ore Geol Rev 165:105863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2023.105863","journal-title":"Ore Geol Rev"},{"key":"2081_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13010014","volume":"13","author":"L Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao L et al (2024) Developing a base domain ontology from geoscience report collection to aid in information retrieval towards Spatiotemporal and topic association. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 13:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13010014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Information"},{"key":"2081_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17010162","volume":"17","author":"L Tao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tao L, Zhang H, Jing H, Liu Y, Yan D, Wei G, Xue X (2025) Advancements in vision\u2013language models for remote sensing: datasets, capabilities, and enhancement techniques. Remote Sens 17:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs17010162","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"2081_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vieira HS, da Silva AS, Calado P, Cristo M, de Moura ES (2016) Towards the effective linking of social media contents to products in e-commerce catalogs. Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on conference on information and knowledge management. pp 1049-1058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2983323.2983747","DOI":"10.1145\/2983323.2983747"},{"key":"2081_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.105243","volume":"152","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Li Y, Chen J, Ma X (2023a) Named entity annotation schema for geological literature mining in the domain of porphyry copper deposits. Ore Geol Rev 152:105243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.105243","journal-title":"Ore Geol Rev"},{"key":"2081_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang L, Yang N, Wei F (2023b) Query2doc: query expansion with large Language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:230307678 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2303.07678","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.07678"},{"key":"2081_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acags.2023.100134","volume":"20","author":"M Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen M, Qiu Q, Zheng S, Ma K, Zheng S, Xie Z, Tao L (2023) Construction and application of a multilevel geohazard domain ontology: a case study of landslide geohazards. Appl Comput Geosci 20:100134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acags.2023.100134","journal-title":"Appl Comput Geosci"},{"key":"2081_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145312","volume":"10","author":"L Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu L, Xue L, Li C, Lv X, Chen Z, Guo M, Xie Z (2016) A Geospatial information grid framework for geological survey. PLoS ONE 10:e0145312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0145312","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2081_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6060166","volume":"6","author":"L Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu L et al (2017) A Knowledge-Driven geospatially enabled framework for geological big data. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 6:166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6060166","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Information"},{"key":"2081_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2022.2115567","volume":"15","author":"C Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu C et al (2022) Cloud-based storage and computing for remote sensing big data: a technical review. Int J Digit Earth 15:1417\u20131445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538947.2022.2115567","journal-title":"Int J Digit Earth"},{"key":"2081_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan Y et al (2024) Urbanclip: learning text-enhanced urban region profiling with contrastive language-image pretraining from the web. Proc ACM Web Conf 2024 4006\u20134017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3589334.3645378","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645378"},{"key":"2081_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.12097\/gbc.2022.03.048","volume":"43","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Liu R, Sun H, Jiao S (2024) Exploration and practice of geological big data asset management. Geol Bull China 43:191\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12097\/gbc.2022.03.048","journal-title":"Geol Bull China"},{"key":"2081_CR46","first-page":"275","volume":"34","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Jiao S, Lu X (2018) Discussion on causality and correlation in geological research. Acta Petrol Sin 34:275\u2013280","journal-title":"Acta Petrologica Sinica"},{"key":"2081_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.16108\/j.issn1006-7493.2023028","volume":"29","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang C, Wang C, Liu W, Peng Y, Lu Y (2023) Chinese Text-oriented geological semantic information annotation and corpus construction. Geol J China Universities 29:429\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16108\/j.issn1006-7493.2023028","journal-title":"Geol J China Universities"},{"key":"2081_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.16353\/j.cnki.1000-7490.2019.11.003","volume":"26","author":"P Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao P (2019) Characteristics and rational utilization of geological big data. Earth Sci Front 26:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16353\/j.cnki.1000-7490.2019.11.003","journal-title":"Earth Sci Front"},{"key":"2081_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110280","volume":"263","author":"G Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao G, Zhang C, Shang H, Wang Y, Zhu L, Qian X (2023) Generative label fused network for image\u2013text matching. Knowl Based Syst 263:110280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110280","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"2081_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1145\/3637870","volume":"42","author":"WX Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao WX, Liu J, Ren R, Wen J-R (2024) Dense text retrieval based on pretrained language models: a survey. ACM Trans Inf Syst 42:89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3637870","journal-title":"ACM Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"2081_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327214","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1327214","volume":"2018","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Tan Y, Luo X, He Z (2018) Big data management for cloud-enabled geological information services. Sci Program 2018:1327214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/1327214","journal-title":"Sci Program"},{"key":"2081_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-020-00534-w","volume":"14","author":"C Zhuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuang C, Li W, Xie Z, Wu L (2021) A multi-granularity knowledge association model of geological text based on hypernetwork. Earth Sci Inf 14:227\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-020-00534-w","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inf"},{"key":"2081_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-022-00897-2","volume":"16","author":"C Zhuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhuang C et al (2023) Research on urban 3D geological modeling based on multi-modal data fusion: a case study in Jinan, China. Earth Sci Inf 16:549\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-022-00897-2","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inf"},{"key":"2081_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-024-01245-2","volume":"17","author":"C Zhuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhuang C, Liu C, Zhu H, Ma Y, Shi G, Liu Z, Liu B (2024) Constraint information extraction for 3D geological modelling using a span-based joint entity and relation extraction model. Earth Sci Inf 17:985\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-024-01245-2","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inf"}],"container-title":["Earth Science Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-026-02081-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12145-026-02081-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12145-026-02081-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:38:37Z","timestamp":1772005117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12145-026-02081-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-026-02081-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0473","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23"}}