{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:22:57Z","timestamp":1766067777277,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ftirma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3161176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3161176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Multimodal User Interfaces"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-023-00405-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T11:02:20Z","timestamp":1687950140000},"page":"121-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A low duration vibro-tactile representation of Braille characters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5776-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Tamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbaros","family":"Kiri\u015fken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tunca","family":"K\u00f6kl\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"405_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-021-00379-7","volume":"16","author":"M Alnfiai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alnfiai M (2022) TapCalculator: nonvisual touchscreen calculator for visually impaired people preliminary user study. J Multimodal User Interfaces 16:143\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12193-021-00379-7","journal-title":"J Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"405_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwt017","volume":"26","author":"Z Al-Qudah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Qudah Z, Doush IA, Alkhateeb F, Al Maghayreh E, Al-Khaleel O (2014) Utilizing mobile devices\u2019 tactile feedback for presenting Braille characters: an optimized approach for fast reading and long battery life. Interact Comput 26(1):63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iwc\/iwt017","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"405_CR3","first-page":"287","volume":"90","author":"American Foundation for the Blind","year":"1996","unstructured":"American Foundation for the Blind (1996) Estimated number of adult braille readers in the United States. J Visual Impair Blindness 90(3):287","journal-title":"J Visual Impair Blindness"},{"key":"405_CR4","unstructured":"Aranyanak I (2014) An experimental analysis of braille reading using a high-resolution tracking system. Dissertation. National University of Ireland Maynooth"},{"issue":"2","key":"405_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0264619619838667","volume":"37","author":"V Argyropoulos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Argyropoulos V, Padeliadu S, Avramidis E, Tsiakali T, Nikolaraizi M (2019) An investigation of preferences and choices of students with vision impairments on literacy medium for studying. Br J Vis Impair 37(2):154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0264619619838667","journal-title":"Br J Vis Impair"},{"key":"405_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.2970929","author":"GC Bettelani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bettelani GC, Averta G, Catalano M, Leporini B, Bianchi M (2020) Design and validation of the readable device: a single-cell electromagnetic refreshable Braille display. IEEE Trans Haptics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TOH.2020.2970929","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Haptics"},{"key":"405_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","author":"RRA Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne RRA, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, VisionLossExpertGroup (2017) Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"405_CR8","unstructured":"Brasse P (2019) The situation of the blind and visually impaired in Germany\u2014An overview report, American Council of the Blind. https:\/\/www.acb.org\/situation-blind-and-visually-impaired-germany"},{"key":"405_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brewster S, Chohan F, Brown L (2007) Tactile feedback for mobile interactions. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 159\u2013162). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1240624.1240649","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240649"},{"key":"405_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewster SA, Brown LM (2004) Tactons: structured tactile messages for non-visual information display. In Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28 (AUIC '04). Australian Computer Society, Inc., AUS. pp 15\u201323","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.985936"},{"key":"405_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carvalho MCN, Dias FS, Reis AGS, Freire AP (2018) Accessibility and usability problems encountered on websites and applications in mobile devices by blind and normal-vision users. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM symposium on applied computing (SAC '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022\u20132029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3167132.3167349","DOI":"10.1145\/3167132.3167349"},{"issue":"5","key":"405_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.3745\/JIPS.02.0093","volume":"14","author":"S Chu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chu S, Zhu K (2018) Designing a vibro-tactile reading system for mobile phones. J Inf Process Syst 14(5):1102\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3745\/JIPS.02.0093","journal-title":"J Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"405_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chu S, Zhang F, Ji N, Zhang F, Pan R (2017) Experimental evaluation of tactile patterns over frictional surface on mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium of Chinese CHI (pp. 47\u201352). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3080631.3080639","DOI":"10.1145\/3080631.3080639"},{"key":"405_CR14","unstructured":"Coudert C (2015) Digital braille versus paper braille. Braille Monit 58(2). https:\/\/nfb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/nfb\/publications\/bm\/bm15\/bm1502\/bm150205.htm"},{"key":"405_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhar A, Nittala A, Yadav K (2016) TactBack: VibroTactile Braille output using smartphone and smartwatch for visually impaired. In: Proceedings of the 13th international web for all conference (pp. 1\u20132). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2899475.2899514","DOI":"10.1145\/2899475.2899514"},{"key":"405_CR16","unstructured":"Dixon J M (2013) World Braille usage (J. M. Dixon, ed.). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.perkins.org\/assets\/downloads\/worldbrailleusage\/world-braille-usage-third-edition.pdf"},{"key":"405_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2018.2855175","author":"Y Gaffary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaffary Y, Argelaguet F, Marchal M, Girard A, Gosselin F, Emily M, L\u00e9cuyer A (2018) Toward haptic communication: tactile alphabets based on fingertip skin stretch. IEEE Trans Haptics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TOH.2018.2855175","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Haptics"},{"key":"405_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225053","volume":"14","author":"F Gonz\u00e1lez-Ca\u00f1ete","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ca\u00f1ete F, Rodr\u00edguez J, Gald\u00f3n P, Diaz A (2019) Improvements in the learnability of smartphone haptic interfaces for visually impaired users. PLOS ONE 14:e0225053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225053","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"405_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guerreiro J, Gon\u00e7alves D, Marques D, Guerreiro T, Nicolau H, Montague K (2013) The today and tomorrow of Braille learning. In: Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (pp. 1\u20132) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2513383.2513415","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513415"},{"key":"405_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fh\/crm024","author":"IC Hutchison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hutchison IC (2007) Louis braille: a touch of genius. Fr Hist. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fh\/crm024","journal-title":"Fr Hist"},{"issue":"10","key":"405_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1210601009","volume":"106","author":"S Hong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hong S (2012) An alternative option to dedicated braille notetakers for people with visual impairments: universal technology for better access. J Vis Impair Blindness 106(10):650\u2013655","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blindness"},{"key":"405_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jayant C, Acuario C, Johnson WA, Hollier J, Ladner RE (2010) V-Braille: Haptic Braille perception using a touch-screen and vibration on mobile phones. In ASSETS\u201910 - proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on computers and accessibility (pp. 295\u2013296). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1878803.1878878","DOI":"10.1145\/1878803.1878878"},{"key":"405_CR23","first-page":"15","volume":"7109","author":"VT Korishetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korishetti VT, Gurav S, Veeresh PM (2015) Cell phone technology for visually impaired: a vibration based braille perception. IJECT 7109:15\u201316","journal-title":"IJECT"},{"key":"405_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laxmi AS, Sneha R, Supraja P, Prasath R (2022) Braille communication system for visually impaired with haptic feedback system. In: 2022 3rd international conference on smart electronics and communication (ICOSEC). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICOSEC54921.2022.9952150","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSEC54921.2022.9952150"},{"key":"405_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-009-0014-8","volume":"2","author":"JH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JH, Spence C (2008) Feeling what you hear: task-irrelevant sounds modulate tactile perception delivered via a touch screen. J Multimodal User Interfaces 2:145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12193-009-0014-8","journal-title":"J Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"issue":"8","key":"405_CR26","first-page":"3580","volume":"62","author":"N Martiniello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martiniello N, Wittich W (2021) The influence of reading medium on braille reading speed. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(8):3580\u20133580","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"405_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01626434221131775","author":"T McCarthy","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCarthy T, Holbrook C, Kamei-Hannan C, D\u2019Andrea FM (2022) Speed and accuracy measures of school-age readers with visual impairments using a refreshable braille display. J Spec Educ Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01626434221131775","journal-title":"J Spec Educ Technol"},{"key":"405_CR28","volume-title":"Inclusive designing","author":"J Morris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris J, Mueller J (2014) Blind and deaf consumer preferences for android and iOS smartphones. In: Langdon P, Lazar J, Heylighen A, Dong H (eds) Inclusive designing. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"405_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muntasir Rahman AM, Mahmud Khandaker S, Saleheen NN, Nobi Afee T, Afrin N, Alam MA (2018) A portable braille refreshable display using micro servos. In: 2018 Joint 7th International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV) and 2018 2nd International Conference on Imaging, Vision & Pattern Recognition (icIVPR). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iciev.2018.8641028","DOI":"10.1109\/iciev.2018.8641028"},{"key":"405_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nadeem M, Aziz N, Sajjad U, Aziz F, Shaikh H (2016) A comparative analysis of Braille generation technologies. In: 2016 International conference on advanced robotics and mechatronics (ICARM), Macau, China, pp. 294\u2013299, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICARM.2016.7606935","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARM.2016.7606935"},{"key":"405_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicolau H, Montague K, Guerreiro T, Rodrigues A, Hanson VL (2015) Holibraille: multipoint vibrotactile feedback on mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the 12th international web for all conference (pp. 1\u20134). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2745555.2746643","DOI":"10.1145\/2745555.2746643"},{"issue":"1","key":"405_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2009.3","volume":"2","author":"J Rantala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rantala J, Raisamo R, Lylykangas J, Surakka V, Raisamo J, Salminen K (2009) Methods for presenting braille characters on a mobile device with a touchscreen and tactile feedback. IEEE Trans Haptics 2(1):28\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TOH.2009.3","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Haptics"},{"issue":"2","key":"405_CR33","first-page":"127","volume":"16","author":"CVRTJ Rempel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rempel CVRTJ, CPACC CATIS (2022) The Importance of braille during a pandemic and beyond. Assist Technol Outcomes Benefits 16(2):127\u2013134","journal-title":"Assist Technol Outcomes Benefits"},{"key":"405_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues A, Montague K, Nicolau H, Guerreiro T (2015) Getting smartphones to talkback: understanding the smartphone adoption process of blind users. In: Proceedings of the 17th international ACM SIGACCESS conference of computers and accessibility. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2700648.2809842","DOI":"10.1145\/2700648.2809842"},{"key":"405_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6941631","author":"BF Smaradottir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smaradottir BF, H\u00e5land JA, Martinez SG (2018) User evaluation of the smartphone screen reader voiceover with visually disabled participants. Mob Inf Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6941631","journal-title":"Mob Inf Syst"},{"key":"405_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanfa K, Johnson N (2015) Improving Braille reading fluency: the bridge to comprehension. J Blindness Innov  Res 5(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5241\/5-83","DOI":"10.5241\/5-83"},{"key":"405_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strohmeier P, Hornb\u00e6k K (2017) Generating haptic textures with a vibrotactile actuator. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 4994\u20135005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025812","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025812"},{"key":"405_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS.2016.7463154","author":"V Yem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yem V, Okazaki R, Kajimoto H (2016) Vibro-tactile and pseudo force presentation using motor rotational acceleration. IEEE Haptics Symp HAPTICS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HAPTICS.2016.7463154","journal-title":"IEEE Haptics Symp HAPTICS"},{"key":"405_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang F, Chu S, Ji N, Pan R (2018) Design and evaluation of tactile number reading methods on smartphones. In: 2018 IEEE\/ACIS 17th international conference on computer and information science (ICIS), pp 531\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIS.2018.8466412","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2018.8466412"}],"container-title":["Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12193-023-00405-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12193-023-00405-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12193-023-00405-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T13:13:55Z","timestamp":1694092435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12193-023-00405-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12193-023-00405-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1783-7677","1783-8738"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1783-7677"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1783-8738"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantial work leading to the paper, and will take public responsibility for its content.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"We, \u00d6zg\u00fcr TAMER, Barbaros K\u0130R\u0130\u015eKEN and Tunca K\u00d6KL\u00dc voluntarily agreed to participate in this research study. We have had the purpose and nature of the study explained to me in writing and I have had the opportunity to ask questions about the study. We understand that I will not benefit directly from participating in this research. We understand that all information I provide for this study will be treated confidentially.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"We will transfer the non-exclusive publication rights to Springer and we warrant that our contribution is original and that we have full power to make this grant. This transfer of publication rights will cover the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}