{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:04:59Z","timestamp":1780668299674,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]],"date-time":"2010-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1278460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0063-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,6]],"date-time":"2010-07-06T10:08:35Z","timestamp":1278410915000},"page":"391-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["An Approach to the Design of Socially Acceptable Robots for\u00a0Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Karla Conn","family":"Welch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uttama","family":"Lahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilanjan","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"63_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"63_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2307\/2786027","volume":"28","author":"M Argyle","year":"1965","unstructured":"Argyle\u00a0M, Dean\u00a0J (1965) Eye-contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry 28(3):289\u2013304","journal-title":"Sociometry"},{"key":"63_CR3","volume-title":"Gaze and mutual gaze","author":"M Argyle","year":"1976","unstructured":"Argyle\u00a0M, Cook\u00a0M (1976) Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"63_CR4","unstructured":"Bancroft\u00a0WJ (1995) Research in nonverbal communication and its relationship to pedagogy and suggestopedia. ERIC"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010660502130","volume":"31","author":"V Bernard-Opitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bernard-Opitz\u00a0V, Sriram\u00a0N, Nakhoda-Sapuan\u00a0S (2001) Enhancing social problem solving in children with autism and normal children through computer-assisted instruction. J Autism Dev Disord 31(4):377\u2013384","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"63_CR6","volume-title":"Socially intelligent agents: creating relationships with computers and robots","author":"K Blocher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blocher\u00a0K, Picard\u00a0RW (2002) Affective social quest: emotion recognition therapy for autistic children. In: Dautenhahn\u00a0K, Bond\u00a0AH, Canamero\u00a0L, Edmonds\u00a0B (eds) Socially intelligent agents: creating relationships with computers and robots. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht"},{"key":"63_CR7","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Emotions: essays on emotion theory","author":"MM Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley\u00a0MM (1994) Emotional memory: a dimensional analysis. In: Van Goozen\u00a0S, Van\u00a0de Poll\u00a0NE, Sergeant\u00a0JA (eds) Emotions: essays on emotion theory. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 97\u2013134"},{"key":"63_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"CDC","year":"2009","unstructured":"CDC (2009) Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-ADDM network, United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ 58:1\u201320","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"2","key":"63_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566152","volume":"8","author":"SVG Cobb","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cobb\u00a0SVG, Nichols\u00a0S, Wilson\u00a0JR, Ramsey\u00a0A (1999) Virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects. Presence 8(2):169\u2013186","journal-title":"Presence"},{"issue":"2","key":"63_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200604002-00013","volume":"27","author":"H Cohen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen\u00a0H, Amerine-Dickens\u00a0M, Smith\u00a0T (2006) Early intensive behavioral treatment: replication of the UCLA model in a community setting. J Dev Behav Pediatr 27(2):145\u2013155","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"63_CR11","unstructured":"Colburn\u00a0A, Drucker\u00a0S, Cohen\u00a0M (2000) The role of eye-gaze in avatar-mediated conversational interfaces. In: SIGGRAPH sketches and applications"},{"key":"63_CR12","unstructured":"Constantino\u00a0JN (2002) The social responsiveness scale. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025014929212","volume":"33","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Constantino\u00a0JN, Davis\u00a0SA, Todd\u00a0RD, Schindler\u00a0MK, Gross\u00a0MM, Brophy\u00a0SL, Metzger\u00a0LM, Shoushtari\u00a0CS, Splinter\u00a0R, Reich\u00a0W (2003) Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. J Autism Dev Disord 33(4):427\u2013433","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"63_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01762.x","volume":"48","author":"C Corsello","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corsello\u00a0C, Hus\u00a0V, Pickles\u00a0A, Risi\u00a0S, Cook\u00a0EH, Leventhal\u00a0BL, Lord\u00a0C (2007) Between a ROC and a hard place: decision making and making decisions about using the SCQ. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48(9):932\u2013940","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"63_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.12.1.03dau","volume":"12","author":"K Dautenhahn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dautenhahn\u00a0K, Werry\u00a0I (2004) Towards interactive robots in autism therapy: background motivation and challenges. Pragmat Cogn 12(1):1\u201335","journal-title":"Pragmat Cogn"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"63_CR16","first-page":"170","volume":"42","author":"BR Duffy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duffy\u00a0BR (2003) Anthropomorphism and the social robot. Robot Auton Syst 42(3\u20134):170\u2013190","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"key":"63_CR17","volume-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"LM Dunn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dunn\u00a0LM, Dunn\u00a0LM (1997) Peabody picture vocabulary test, 3rd edn. American Guidance Service, Circle Pines","edition":"3"},{"key":"63_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068","volume":"6","author":"P Ekman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ekman\u00a0P (1992) An argument for basic emotions. Cogn Emot 6:169\u2013200","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"63_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.4.384","volume":"48","author":"P Ekman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ekman\u00a0P (1993) Facial expression and emotion. Am Psychol 48:384\u2013392","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"63_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farroni\u00a0T, Csibra\u00a0G, Simion\u00a0F, Johnson\u00a0MH (2002) Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(14)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152159999"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"63_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00372-X","volume":"42","author":"T Fong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fong\u00a0T, Nourbakhsh\u00a0I, Dautenhahn\u00a0K (2003) A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot Auton Syst 42(3\u20134):143\u2013166","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"key":"63_CR22","volume-title":"The emotions","author":"NH Frijda","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frijda\u00a0NH (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University, New York"},{"key":"63_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garau\u00a0M, Slater\u00a0M, Bee\u00a0S, Sasse\u00a0MA (2001) The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars. In: SIGCHI human factors in computing systems, pp\u00a0309\u2013316","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365121"},{"key":"63_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576050200040601","volume":"20","author":"J Groden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Groden\u00a0J, Goodwin\u00a0MS, Baron\u00a0MG, Groden\u00a0G, Velicer\u00a0WF, Lipsitt\u00a0LP, Hofmann\u00a0SG, Plummer\u00a0B (2005) Assessing cardiovascular responses to stressors in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Focus Autism Dev Disabil 20:244\u2013252","journal-title":"Focus Autism Dev Disabil"},{"key":"63_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0455-84","volume":"192","author":"ET Hall","year":"1955","unstructured":"Hall\u00a0ET (1955) The anthropology of manners. Sci Am 192:84\u201390","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"63_CR26","volume-title":"The hidden dimension","author":"ET Hall","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hall\u00a0ET (1966) The hidden dimension. Doubleday & Company, New York"},{"key":"63_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill\u00a0E, Berthoz\u00a0S, Frith\u00a0U (2004) Brief report: cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2)","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022613.41399.14"},{"key":"63_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01736.x","volume":"17","author":"R Jenkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jenkins\u00a0R, Beaver\u00a0JD, Calder\u00a0AJ (2006) I thought you were looking at me: direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception. Psychol Sci 17:506\u2013513","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"63_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093615","volume":"59","author":"J Jonides","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jonides\u00a0J, Lewis\u00a0RL, Nee\u00a0DE, Lustig\u00a0CA, Berman\u00a0MG, Moore\u00a0KS (2008) The mind and brain of short-term memory. Annu Rev Psychol 59:193\u2013224","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"63_CR30","volume-title":"Design and analysis: a researcher\u2019s handbook","author":"G Keppel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Keppel\u00a0G (1991) Design and analysis: a researcher\u2019s handbook, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, New York","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"63_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0009-8","volume":"1","author":"H Kozima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kozima\u00a0H, Michalowski\u00a0MP, Nakagawa\u00a0C (2009) Keepon: a playful robot for research, therapy, and entertainment. Int J Soc Robot 1(1):3\u201318","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"63_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krikorian\u00a0DH, Lee\u00a0JS, Chock\u00a0TM, Harms\u00a0C (2000) Isn\u2019t that spatial? Distance and communication in a 2-D virtual environment. J\u00a0Comput-Mediat Comm 5(4)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00349.x"},{"key":"63_CR33","volume-title":"International affective pictures system (IAPS): technical manual and affective ratings","author":"PJ Lang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lang\u00a0PJ, Bradley\u00a0MM, Cuthbert\u00a0BN (1999) International affective pictures system (IAPS): technical manual and affective ratings. University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology, Gainesville"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2001362","volume":"24","author":"C Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu\u00a0C, Conn\u00a0K, Sarkar\u00a0N, Stone\u00a0W (2008) Online affect detection and robot behavior adaptation for intervention of children with autism. IEEE Trans Robot 24(4):883\u2013896","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Robot"},{"key":"63_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhsc.2008.04.003","volume":"66","author":"C Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu\u00a0C, Conn\u00a0K, Sarkar\u00a0N, Stone\u00a0W (2008) Physiology-based affect recognition for computer-assisted intervention of children with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Hum-Comput St 66:662\u2013677","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput St"},{"key":"63_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matari\u0107\u00a0MJ, Eriksson\u00a0J, Feil-Seifer\u00a0D, Winstein\u00a0C (2007) Socially assistive robotics for post-stroke rehabilitation. Int J NeuroEng Rehabil 4(5)","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-4-5"},{"key":"63_CR37","volume-title":"Socially intelligent agents: creating relationships with computers and robots","author":"F Michaud","year":"2002","unstructured":"Michaud\u00a0F, Theberge-Turmel\u00a0C (2002) Mobile robotic toys and autism. In: Dautenhahn\u00a0K, Bond\u00a0AH, Canamero\u00a0L, Edmonds\u00a0B (eds) Socially intelligent agents: creating relationships with computers and robots. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht"},{"key":"63_CR38","volume-title":"Educating children with autism","author":"NRC","year":"2001","unstructured":"NRC (2001) Educating children with autism. National Academy Press, Washington"},{"issue":"Pt\u00a05","key":"63_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00425.x","volume":"46","author":"S Parsons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parsons\u00a0S, Mitchell\u00a0P (2002) The potential of virtual reality in social skills training for people with autistic spectrum disorders. J\u00a0Intellect Disabil Res 46(Pt\u00a05):430\u2013443","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000037421.98517.8d","volume":"34","author":"S Parsons","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parsons\u00a0S, Mitchell\u00a0P, Leonard\u00a0A (2004) The use and understanding of virtual environments by adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 34(4):449\u2013466","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2005.856076","volume":"13","author":"G Pioggia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pioggia\u00a0G, Igliozzi\u00a0R, Ferro\u00a0M, Ahluwalia\u00a0A, Muratori\u00a0F, Rossi\u00a0DD (2005) An android for enhancing social skills and emotion recognition in people with autism. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil 13(4):507\u2013515","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil"},{"key":"63_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-006-0025-y","volume":"9","author":"P Rani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rani\u00a0P, Liu\u00a0C, Sarkar\u00a0N, Vanman\u00a0E (2006) An empirical study of machine learning techniques for affect recognition in human-robot interaction. Pattern Anal Appl 9:58\u201369","journal-title":"Pattern Anal Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"63_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1075\/is.5.2.02rob","volume":"5","author":"B Robins","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robins\u00a0B, Dickerson\u00a0P, Stribling\u00a0P, Dautenhahn\u00a0K (2004) Robot mediated joint attention in children with autism: a case study in robot\u2013human interaction. Interact Stud 5(2):161\u2013198","journal-title":"Interact Stud"},{"key":"63_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2702_4","volume":"27","author":"SJ Rogers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rogers\u00a0SJ (1998) Empirically supported comprehensive treatments for young children with autism. J Clin Child Psychol 27:168\u201379","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"63_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005543321840","volume":"30","author":"SJ Rogers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rogers\u00a0SJ (2000) Interventions that facilitate socialization in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 30(5):399\u2013409","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"63_CR46","volume-title":"Social communication questionnaire","author":"M Rutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rutter\u00a0M, Bailey\u00a0A, Berument\u00a0S, Lord\u00a0C, Pickles\u00a0A (2003) Social communication questionnaire. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles"},{"key":"63_CR47","unstructured":"Scassellati\u00a0B (2005) Quantitative metrics of social response for autism diagnosis. In: RO-MAN, pp\u00a0585\u2013590"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2307\/1388543","volume":"14","author":"MH Schneiderman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schneiderman\u00a0MH, Ewens\u00a0WL (1971) The cognitive effects of spatial invasion. Pac Sociol Rev 14(4):469\u2013486","journal-title":"Pac Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"63_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/2786041","volume":"25","author":"R Sommer","year":"1962","unstructured":"Sommer\u00a0R (1962) The distance for comfortable conversations: a further study. Sociometry 25(1):111\u2013116","journal-title":"Sociometry"},{"issue":"3","key":"63_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.272","volume":"8","author":"PJ Standen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Standen\u00a0PJ, Brown\u00a0DJ (2005) Virtual reality in the rehabilitation of people with intellectual disabilities: review. Cyberpsychol Behav 8(3):272\u2013282; discussion pp\u00a0283\u2013278","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"63_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.368","volume":"13","author":"KM Stormark","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stormark\u00a0KM (2004) Skin conductance and heart-rate responses as indices of covert face recognition in preschool children. Infant Child Dev 13:423\u2013433","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"63_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172354","volume":"26","author":"D Strickland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strickland\u00a0D, Marcus\u00a0LM, Mesibov\u00a0GB, Hogan\u00a0K (1996) Brief report: two case studies using virtual reality as a learning tool for autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 26(6):651\u2013659","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"63_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01387.x","volume":"37","author":"J Swettenham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Swettenham\u00a0J (1996) Can children with autism be taught to understand false belief using computers? J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discipl 37(2):157\u2013165","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discipl"},{"key":"63_CR54","volume-title":"Towards universal usability: designing computer interfaces for diverse user populations","author":"A Tartaro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tartaro\u00a0A, Cassell\u00a0J (2007) Using virtual peer technology as an intervention for children with autism. In: Lazar\u00a0J (ed) Towards universal usability: designing computer interfaces for diverse user populations. Wiley, Chichester"},{"issue":"4","key":"63_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-009-0024-4","volume":"1","author":"A Weiss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weiss\u00a0A, Wurhofer\u00a0D, Tscheligi\u00a0M (2009) \u201cI love this dog\u201d\u2014children\u2019s emotional attachment to the robotic dog AIBO. Int J Soc Robot 1(4):243\u2013248","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0063-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0063-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0063-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T21:03:18Z","timestamp":1635627798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0063-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["63"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0063-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]]}}}