{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T22:15:04Z","timestamp":1774822504195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007210","name":"RWTH Aachen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The research community of human-robot interaction relies on theories and phenomena from the social sciences in order to study and validate robotic developments in interaction. These studies mainly concerned one (human) on one (robot) interactions in the past. The present paper shifts the attention to groups and group dynamics and reviews relevant concepts from the social sciences: ingroup identification (I), cohesion (C) and entitativity (E). Ubiquitous robots will be part of larger social settings in the near future. A conceptual framework, the I\u2013C\u2013E framework, is proposed as a theoretical foundation for group (dynamics) research in HRI. Additionally, we present methods and possible measures for these relevant concepts and outline topics for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00642-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T14:04:20Z","timestamp":1585231460000},"page":"1213-1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["I\u2013C\u2013E Framework: Concepts for Group Dynamics Research in Human-Robot Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna M. H.","family":"Abrams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Astrid M. Rosenthal-von","family":"der P\u00fctten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"642_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420180403","volume":"18","author":"D Abrams","year":"1988","unstructured":"Abrams D, Hogg MA (1988) Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. Eur J Soc Psychol 18(4):317\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2420180403","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483328935.n4","volume-title":"Theories of small groups","author":"D Abrams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abrams D, Hogg MA, Hinkle S, Otten S (2005) The social identity perspective on small groups. In: Poole MS, Hollingshead AB (eds) Theories of small groups. SAGE, London, pp 99\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781483328935.n4"},{"key":"642_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Admoni H, Hayes B, Feil-Seifer D, Ullman D, Scassellati B (2013) Are you looking at me? perception of robot attention is mediated by gaze type and group size. In: Staff I (ed) 2013 8th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction, IEEE, pp 389\u2013395. [Place of publication not identified]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483614","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483614"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3300188","volume":"8","author":"P Alves-Oliveira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alves-Oliveira P, Sequeira P, Melo FS, Castellano G, Paiva A (2019) Empathic robot for group learning. ACM Trans Hum Robot Interact 8(1):1\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3300188","journal-title":"ACM Trans Hum Robot Interact"},{"key":"642_CR5","volume-title":"Interaction process analysis; a method for the study of small groups","author":"RF Bales","year":"1950","unstructured":"Bales RF (1950) Interaction process analysis; a method for the study of small groups. Addison-Wesley, Oxford"},{"key":"642_CR6","volume-title":"Symlog: a system for the multiple level observation of groups","author":"RF Bales","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bales RF, Cohen SP, Williamson SA (1979) Symlog: a system for the multiple level observation of groups. Free Press, New York"},{"key":"642_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bennewitz M, Faber F, Joho D, Schreiber M, Behnke S (2005) Towards a humanoid museum guide robot that interacts with multiple persons. In: 5th IEEE-RAS international conference on humanoid robots, 2005, IEEE Operations Center, Piscataway, pp 418\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICHR.2005.1573603","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHR.2005.1573603"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/69.2.479","volume":"69","author":"KA Bollen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bollen KA, Hoyle RH (1990) Perceived cohesion: a conceptual and empirical examination. Soc Forces 69(2):479\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/69.2.479","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"642_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00749745","volume":"4","author":"KS Bouas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bouas KS, Arrow H (1995) The development of group identity in computer and face-to-face groups with membership change. Computer Support Coop Work (CSCW) 4(2\u20133):153\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00749745","journal-title":"Computer Support Coop Work (CSCW)"},{"issue":"9","key":"642_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.232","volume":"33","author":"MD Breitenstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breitenstein MD, Reichlin F, Leibe B, Koller-Meier E, van Gool L (2011) Online multiperson tracking-by-detection from a single, uncalibrated camera. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33(9):1820\u20131833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.232","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"642_CR11","unstructured":"Burgoon JK, Bacue AE (2003) Nonverbal communication skills. Handbook of communication and social interaction skills, pp 179\u2013219"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00023.x","volume":"10","author":"JK Burgoon","year":"1984","unstructured":"Burgoon JK, Buller DB, Hale JL, Turck MA (1984) Relational messages associated with nonverbal behaviors. Hum Commun Res 10(3):351\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00023.x","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830030103","volume":"3","author":"DT Campbell","year":"1958","unstructured":"Campbell DT (1958) Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behav Sci 3(1):14\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bs.3830030103","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/104649640003100105","volume":"31","author":"AV Carron","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carron AV, Brawley LR (2000) Cohesion. Small Group Res 31(1):89\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104649640003100105","journal-title":"Small Group Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1123\/jsp.7.3.244","volume":"7","author":"AV Carron","year":"1985","unstructured":"Carron AV, Widmeyer WN, Brawley LR (1985) The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: the group environment questionnaire. J Sport Psychol 7(3):244\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsp.7.3.244","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"642_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.175","volume":"33","author":"E Castano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Castano E, Yzerbyt V, Bourguignon D (2003) We are one and i like it: the impact of ingroup entitativity on ingroup identification. Eur J Soc Psychol 33(6):735\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.175","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202282001","volume":"28","author":"E Castano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Castano E, Yzerbyt V, Paladino MP, Sacchi S (2002) I belong, therefore, i exist: Ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28(2):135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167202282001","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"642_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675300600403","volume":"6","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1953","unstructured":"Cattell RB, Saunders DR, Stice GF (1953) The dimensions of syntality in small groups. Hum Relat 6(4):331\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872675300600403","journal-title":"Hum Relat"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.6.3.Deligianis","volume":"6","author":"C Deligianis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deligianis C, Stanton CJ, McGarty C, Stevens CJ (2017) The impact of intergroup bias on trust and approach behaviour towards a humanoid robot. J Hum Robot Interact 6(3):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5898\/JHRI.6.3.Deligianis","journal-title":"J Hum Robot Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2699.4.1.7","volume":"4","author":"KL Dion","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dion KL (2000) Group cohesion: from \u201cfield of forces\u201d to multidimensional construct. Group Dyn Theory Res Pract 4(1):7\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2699.4.1.7","journal-title":"Group Dyn Theory Res Pract"},{"key":"642_CR21","unstructured":"Durkheim E (1947) The division of labor in society. (G.Simpson, Trans.), Free Press, New York, (Original work published 1893)"},{"key":"642_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2018.08.002","volume":"79","author":"DA Effron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Effron DA, Kakkar H, Knowles ED (2018) Group cohesion benefits individuals who express prejudice, but harms their group. J Exp Soc Psychol 79:239\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2018.08.002","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249222.n45","volume-title":"Handbook of theories of social psychology","author":"N Ellemers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ellemers N, Haslam SA (2012) Social identity theory. In: van Lange P, Kruglanski A, Higgins E (eds) Handbook of theories of social psychology. SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp 379\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446249222.n45"},{"issue":"4","key":"642_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02082.x","volume":"51","author":"F Eyssel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eyssel F, Kuchenbrandt D (2012) Social categorization of social robots: anthropomorphism as a function of robot group membership. Br J Soc Psychol 51(4):724\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02082.x","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR25","volume-title":"Social pressures in informatl groups; a study of human factors in housing","author":"L Festinger","year":"1950","unstructured":"Festinger L, Schachter S, Back K (1950) Social pressures in informatl groups; a study of human factors in housing. Harper, Oxford"},{"key":"642_CR26","volume-title":"Group dynamics, 6th edition, student","author":"DR Forsyth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forsyth DR (2014) Group dynamics, 6th edition, student, edition edn. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont","edition":"edition"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202281005","volume":"28","author":"DR Forsyth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Forsyth DR, Zyzniewski LE, Giammanco CA (2002) Responsibility diffusion in cooperative collectives. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28(1):54\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167202281005","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"642_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fraune MR, Nishiwaki Y, Sabanovi\u0107 S, Smith ER, Okada M (2017) Threatening flocks and mindful snowflakes. In: HRI (ed) HRI\u201917, IEEE, Piscataway, pp 205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909824.3020248","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020248"},{"key":"642_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00048","volume":"6","author":"MR Fraune","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fraune MR, \u0160abanovi\u0107 S, Kanda T (2019) Human group presence, group characteristics, and group norms affect human-robot interaction in naturalistic settings. Front Robot AI 6:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2019.00048","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"642_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696483","volume-title":"HRI\u201915","author":"MR Fraune","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fraune MR, Sherrin S, Sabanovi\u0107 S, Smith ER (2015) Rabble of robots effects. In: Adams JA, Smart W, Mutlu B, Takayama L (eds) HRI\u201915. Associaton for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 109\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2696454.2696483"},{"issue":"6","key":"642_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<963::AID-EJSP905>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"28","author":"L Gaertner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gaertner L, Schopler J (1998) Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: an interconnection of self and others. Eur J Soc Psychol 28(6):963\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<963::AID-EJSP905>3.0.CO;2-S","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559673","volume-title":"HRI\u201914","author":"M H\u00e4ring","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00e4ring M, Kuchenbrandt D, Andr\u00e9 E (2014) Would you like to play with me? In: Sagerer G, Imai M, Belpaeme T, Thomaz A (eds) HRI\u201914. ACM, New York, pp 9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2559636.2559673"},{"issue":"5","key":"642_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/104649649903000504","volume":"30","author":"KB Henry","year":"1999","unstructured":"Henry KB, Arrow H, Carini B (1999) A tripartite model of group identification. Small Group Res 30(5):558\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104649649903000504","journal-title":"Small Group Res"},{"key":"642_CR34","unstructured":"Hoffmann L, Bock N, Rosenthal-von der P\u00fctten, AM (2019) Not only a matter of embodiment\u2014how morphological differences impact the perception of robot embodiment and corporeality. In: 69th annual meeting of the international communication association. Washington, DC, 2019"},{"key":"642_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171242","volume-title":"HRI\u201918","author":"L Hoffmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoffmann L, Bock N, v.d. Rosenthal P\u00fctten AM (2018) The peculiarities of robot embodiment (emcorp-scale). In: Kanda T, S\u0302abanovi\u0107 S, Hoffman G, Tapus A (eds) HRI\u201918. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 370\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3171221.3171242"},{"key":"642_CR36","volume-title":"Social identifications: a social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes","author":"MA Hogg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hogg MA, Abrams D (1988) Social identifications: a social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Taylor & Frances\/Routledge, Florence"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.12.008","volume":"43","author":"MA Hogg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hogg MA, Sherman DK, Dierselhuis J, Maitner AT, Moffitt G (2007) Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. J Exp Soc Psychol 43(1):135\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.12.008","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"642_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2016.1185462","volume":"15","author":"ZP Hohman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hohman ZP, Dahl E, Grubbs S (2016) Entitativity and social identity complexity: the relationship between group characteristics and personal characteristics on group identification. Self Identity 15(6):638\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298868.2016.1185462","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.3.368","volume":"90","author":"GWM Ip","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ip GWM, Chiu CY, Wan C (2006) Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait- versus goal-based group perception. J Pers Soc Psychol 90(3):368\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.3.368","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"642_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2016.2570240","volume":"32","author":"T Iqbal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iqbal T, Rack S, Riek LD (2016) Movement coordination in human-robot teams: a dynamical systems approach. IEEE Trans Robot 32(4):909\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2016.2570240","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Robot"},{"key":"642_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3173389","volume-title":"HRI\u201918","author":"B Irfan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Irfan B, Kennedy J, Lemaignan S, Papadopoulos F, Senft E, Belpaeme T (2018) Social psychology and human-robot interaction. In: Kanda T, S\u0302abanovi\u0107 S, Hoffman G, Tapus A (eds) HRI\u201918. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173386.3173389"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2008.4490137","volume":"36","author":"I Janis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Janis I (2008) Groupthink. IEEE Eng Manag Rev 36(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMR.2008.4490137","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Manag Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430214540757","volume":"18","author":"L Jans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jans L, Leach CW, Garcia RL, Postmes T (2015) The development of group influence on in-group identification: a multilevel approach. Group Process Intergroup Relat 18(2):190\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430214540757","journal-title":"Group Process Intergroup Relat"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3208975","volume":"7","author":"M Jung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jung M, Hinds P (2018) Robots in the wild. ACM Trans Hum Robot Interact 7(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3208975","journal-title":"ACM Trans Hum Robot Interact"},{"key":"642_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1145\/3022198.3022659","volume-title":"Companion of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing","author":"MF Jung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jung MF, \u0160abanovi\u0107 S, Eyssel F, Fraune M (2017) Robots in groups and teams. In: Lee CP (ed) Companion of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing. ACM, New York, pp 401\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3022198.3022659"},{"key":"642_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25504-5_11","volume-title":"Social robotics, lecture notes in computer science","author":"D Kuchenbrandt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuchenbrandt D, Eyssel F, Bobinger S, Neufeld M (2011) Minimal group\u2014maximal effect? evaluation and anthropomorphization of the humanoid robot nao. In: Mutlu B, Bartneck C, Ham J, Evers V, Kanda T (eds) Social robotics, lecture notes in computer science, vol 7072. Springer, Berlin, pp 104\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-25504-5_11"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0197-8","volume":"5","author":"D Kuchenbrandt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuchenbrandt D, Eyssel F, Bobinger S, Neufeld M (2013) When a robot\u2019s group membership matters. Int J Soc Robot 5(3):409\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-013-0197-8","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"642_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuhn MH, Lewin k (1951) Field theory of social science: selected theoretical papers. (edited by dorwin cartwright.) pp. xx, 346. new york: Harper & brothers, 1951. \\$5.00. Ann Am Acad Political Soc Sci 276(1):146\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000271625127600135","DOI":"10.1177\/000271625127600135"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.1.144","volume":"95","author":"CW Leach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leach CW, van Zomeren M, Zebel S, Vliek MLW, Pennekamp SF, Doosje B, Ouwerkerk JW, Spears R (2008) Group-level self-definition and self-investment: a hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. J Pers Soc Psychol 95(1):144\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.95.1.144","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696466","volume-title":"HRI\u201915","author":"I Leite","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leite I, McCoy M, Ullman D, Salomons N, Scassellati B (2015) Comparing models of disengagement in individual and group interactions. In: Adams JA, Smart W, Mutlu B, Takayama L (eds) HRI\u201915. Associaton for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2696454.2696466"},{"key":"642_CR51","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Handbook of the history of social psychology 2012","author":"JM Levine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levine JM, Moreland RL (2012) A history of small group research. In: Kruglanski AW, Stroebe W (eds) Handbook of the history of social psychology 2012. Psychology Press, New York, pp 383\u2013405"},{"key":"642_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.001","volume":"77","author":"J Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li J (2015) The benefit of being physically present: a survey of experimental works comparing copresent robots, telepresent robots and virtual agents. Int J Hum Comput Stud 77:23\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.001","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.2.223","volume":"78","author":"B Lickel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lickel B, Hamilton DL, Wieczorkowska G, Lewis A, Sherman SJ, Uhles AN (2000) Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. J Pers Soc Psychol 78(2):223\u2013246","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1145\/2701973.2702094","volume-title":"Proceedings of the tenth annual ACMIEEE international conference on human-robot interaction extended abstracts","author":"N Martelaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martelaro N, Jung M, Hinds P (2015) Using robots to moderate team conflict. In: Adams JA (ed) Proceedings of the tenth annual ACMIEEE international conference on human-robot interaction extended abstracts. ACM, New York, p 271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2701973.2702094"},{"issue":"5","key":"642_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028724","volume":"103","author":"S McFarland","year":"2012","unstructured":"McFarland S, Webb M, Brown D (2012) All humanity is my ingroup: a measure and studies of identification with all humanity. J Pers Soc Psychol 103(5):830\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028724","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01061.x","volume":"34","author":"C McGarty","year":"1995","unstructured":"McGarty C, Haslam SA, Hutchinson KJ, Grace DM (1995) Determinants of perceived consistency: the relationship between group entitativity and the meaningfulness of categories. Br J Soc Psychol 34(3):237\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01061.x","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33715-4_41","volume-title":"Computer vision\u2014ECCV 2012, lecture notes in computer science","author":"D Mitzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitzel D, Leibe B (2012) Taking mobile multi-object tracking to the next level: people, unknown objects, and carried items. In: Hutchison D, Kanade T, Kittler J, Kleinberg JM, Mattern F, Mitchell JC, Naor M, Nierstrasz O, Pandu Rangan C, Steffen B, Sudan M, Terzopoulos D, Tygar D, Vardi MY, Weikum G, Fitzgibbon A, Lazebnik S, Perona P, Sato Y, Schmid C (eds) Computer vision\u2014ECCV 2012, lecture notes in computer science, vol 7576. Springer, Berlin, pp 566\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-33715-4_41"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.210","volume":"115","author":"B Mullen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mullen B, Copper C (1994) The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: an integration. Psychol Bull 115(2):210\u2013227","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"642_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osep A, Mehner W, Voigtlaender P, Leibe B, (2018) Track, then decide: category-agnostic vision-based multi-object tracking. In: Lynch K, I.I.C.o.R.a. Automation (eds) (2018) IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 3494\u20133501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8460975","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8460975"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/08959285.2018.1455685","volume":"31","author":"CF Peralta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peralta CF, Louren\u00e7o PR, Lopes PN, Baptista C, Pais L (2018) Team development: definition, measurement and relationships with team effectiveness. Hum Perform 31(2):97\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08959285.2018.1455685","journal-title":"Hum Perform"},{"issue":"4","key":"642_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2102","volume":"45","author":"G Reese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reese G, Proch J, Finn C (2015) Identification with all humanity: the role of self-definition and self-investment. Eur J Soc Psychol 45(4):426\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2102","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1145\/2974804.2974823","volume-title":"HAI\u201916","author":"V Richter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richter V, Carlmeyer B, Lier F, Meyer zu Borgsen S, Schlangen D, Kummert F, Wachsmuth S, Wrede B (2016) Are you talking to me? In: Yau WY, Omori T, Metta G, Osawa H, Zhao S (eds) HAI\u201916. The Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2974804.2974823"},{"issue":"6","key":"642_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.555","volume":"38","author":"AM Rutchick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rutchick AM, Hamilton DL, Sack JD (2008) Antecedents of entitativity in categorically and dynamically construed groups. Eur J Soc Psychol 38(6):905\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.555","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabanovic S, Michalowski MP, Simmons R (2016) Robots in the wild: observing human-robot social interaction outside the lab. In: The 9th IEEE international workshop on advanced motion control. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 596\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AMC.2006.1631758","DOI":"10.1109\/AMC.2006.1631758"},{"key":"642_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen S, Slovak P, Jung MF (2018) Stop. I see a conflict happening. In: Kanda T, S\u0302abanovi\u0107 S, Hoffman G, Tapus A (eds) HRI\u201918. ACM, New York, pp 69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3171221.3171248","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171248"},{"key":"642_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmel G (1902) The number of members as determining the sociological form of the group. ii. Am J Sociol 8(2):158\u2013196","DOI":"10.1086\/211128"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420010202","volume":"1","author":"H Tajfel","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tajfel H, Billig MG, Bundy RP, Flament C (1971) Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. Eur J Soc Psychol 1(2):149\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2420010202","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tennent H, Shen S, Jung M (2019) Micbot: a peripheral robotic object to shape conversational dynamics and team performance. In: 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction (HRI). IEEE (3\/11\/2019 - 3\/14\/2019), pp 133\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673013","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673013"},{"key":"642_CR69","volume-title":"Exploring group perception: the relationship between the perception of entitativity and assessments of cohesion","author":"JA Thurston","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thurston JA (2012) Exploring group perception: the relationship between the perception of entitativity and assessments of cohesion. University of California, Santa Barbara"},{"issue":"4","key":"642_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/105960117700200404","volume":"2","author":"BW Tuckman","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tuckman BW, Jensen MAC (1977) Stages of small-group development revisited. Group Organ Stud 2(4):419\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105960117700200404","journal-title":"Group Organ Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"642_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430212473167","volume":"16","author":"R van Veelen","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Veelen R, Otten S, Hansen N (2013) A personal touch to diversity: self-anchoring increases minority members\u2019 identification in a diverse group. Group Process Intergroup Relat 16(6):671\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430212473167","journal-title":"Group Process Intergroup Relat"},{"issue":"3","key":"642_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2012.02110.x","volume":"52","author":"R van Veelen","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Veelen R, Otten S, Hansen N (2013) Social identification when an in-group identity is unclear: the role of self-anchoring and self-stereotyping. Br J Soc Psychol 52(3):543\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2012.02110.x","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"642_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157789","volume-title":"Proceedings of of the seventh annual ACMIEEE international conference on human-robot Interaction, ACM Digital Library","author":"A Weiss","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weiss A (2012) HRI research. In: Yanco H (ed) Proceedings of of the seventh annual ACMIEEE international conference on human-robot Interaction, ACM Digital Library. ACM, New York, p 271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2157689.2157789"},{"issue":"1","key":"642_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/14792772043000059","volume":"11","author":"V Yzerbyt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yzerbyt V, Castano E, Leyens JP, Paladino MP (2000) The primacy of the ingroup: the interplay of entitativity and identification. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 11(1):257\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14792772043000059","journal-title":"Eur Rev Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"642_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2014.2303083","volume":"44","author":"A Zaraki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zaraki A, Mazzei D, Giuliani M, de Rossi D (2014) Designing and evaluating a social gaze-control system for a humanoid robot. IEEE Trans Hum Mach Syst 44(2):157\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/THMS.2014.2303083","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Hum Mach Syst"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00642-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00642-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00642-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:47:46Z","timestamp":1695948466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00642-z"}},"subtitle":["Revisiting Theory from Social Psychology on Ingroup Identification (I), Cohesion (C) and Entitativity (E)"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00642-z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/jyue6","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This is a theoretical paper. Hence, no studies with human subjects were involved.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"We will follow the national, EU and international ethical guidelines and conventions as laid down in the following documents: the ethical guidelines of the German Psychology Association, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Helsinki Declaration in its latest version.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical guidelines"}}]}}