{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:07:06Z","timestamp":1781647626475,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015KBL78T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015KBL78T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social robots are developed to provide companionship and assistance in the daily life of the children, older, and disable people but also have great potential as educational technology by facilitating learning. In these application areas, a social robot can take the role of a coach by training and assisting individuals also in cognitive tasks. Since a robot\u2019s interaction style affects users\u2019 trust and acceptance, customizing its behavior to the proposed tasks could, potentially, have an impact on the users\u2019 performance. To investigate these phenomena, we enrolled sixty volunteers and endowed a social robot with a <jats:italic>friendly<\/jats:italic> and an <jats:italic>authoritarian<\/jats:italic> interaction style. The aim was to explore whether and how the robot\u2019s interaction style could enhance users\u2019 cognitive performance during a psychometric evaluation. The results showed that the <jats:italic>authoritarian<\/jats:italic> interaction style seems to be more appropriate to improve the performance when the tasks require high cognitive demands. These differences in cognitive performance between the groups did not depend on users\u2019 intrinsic characteristics, such as gender and personality traits. Nevertheless, in the <jats:italic>authoritarian<\/jats:italic> condition, participants\u2019 cognitive performance was related to their trust and the acceptance of the technology. Finally, we found that users\u2019 non-compliant behavior was not related to their personality traits. This finding indirectly supports the role of the robot\u2019s interaction style in influencing the compliance behavior of the users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00702-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T23:03:58Z","timestamp":1602025438000},"page":"2057-2069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["\u201cDon\u2019t Get Distracted!\u201d: The Role of Social Robots\u2019 Interaction Style on Users\u2019 Cognitive Performance, Acceptance, and Non-Compliant Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Dell\u2019Aquila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Cucciniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belpaeme T, Kennedy J, Ramachandran A, Scassellati B, Tanaka F (2018) Social robots for education: a review. Sci Robotics 3(21)","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR2","first-page":"71","volume":"6","author":"AS Prabuwono","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prabuwono AS, Allehaibi KHS, Kurnianingsih K (2017) Assistive robotic technology: a review. Comput Eng Appl J 6(2):71\u201378","journal-title":"Comput Eng Appl J"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.339605","volume":"14","author":"A Tapus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tapus A, Mataric MJ, Scassellati B (2007) Socially assistive robotics [grand challenges of robotics]. IEEE Robotics Autom Mag 14(1):35\u201342","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics Autom Mag"},{"key":"702_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsusaka Y, Fujii H, Okano T, Hara I (2009) Health exercise demonstration robot TAIZO and effects of using voice command in robot\u2013human collaborative demonstration. In: The 18th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication. IEEE, pp 472\u2013477","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2009.5326042"},{"key":"702_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidd CD, Breazeal C (2008) Robots at home: understanding long-term human\u2013robot interaction. In: 2008 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems. IEEE, pp 3230\u20133235","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2008.4651113"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-4-5","volume":"4","author":"MJ Matari\u0107","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matari\u0107 MJ, Eriksson J, Feil-Seifer DJ, Winstein CJ (2007) Socially assistive robotics for post-stroke rehabilitation. J NeuroEng Rehabil 4(1):5","journal-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00533-y","volume":"12","author":"O Pino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pino O, Palestra G, Trevino R, De Carolis B (2020) The humanoid robot NAO as trainer in a memory program for elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. Int J Soc Robotics 12(1):21\u201333","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"key":"702_CR8","unstructured":"Schneider S, Riether N, Berger, I, Kummert F (2014) How socially assistive robots supporting on cognitive tasks perform. In: Proceedings of the 50th anniversary convention of the AISB, p 35"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11370-008-0017-4","volume":"1","author":"A Tapus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tapus A, \u0162\u0103pu\u015f C, Matari\u0107 MJ (2008) User-robot personality matching and assistive robot behavior adaptation for post-stroke rehabilitation therapy. Intel Serv Robotics 1(2):169","journal-title":"Intel Serv Robotics"},{"key":"702_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrigoroaie R, Tapus A (2017) Influence of robot\u2019s interaction style on performance in a stroop task. In: Social Robotics. Springer, Cham, pp 95\u2013104","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70022-9_10"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(200002)56:2<163::AID-JCLP3>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"56","author":"AO Horvath","year":"2000","unstructured":"Horvath AO (2000) The therapeutic relationship: from transference to alliance. J Clin Psychol 56(2):163\u2013173","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"702_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000342998","volume":"19","author":"BD Jani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jani BD, Blane DN, Mercer SW (2012) The role of empathy in therapy and the physician-patient relationship. Complement Med Res 19(5):252\u2013257","journal-title":"Complement Med Res"},{"key":"702_CR13","volume-title":"Optimizing cognitive rehabilitation: effective instructional methods","author":"MM Sohlberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sohlberg MM, Turkstra LS (2011) Optimizing cognitive rehabilitation: effective instructional methods. Guilford Press, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"702_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010701733190","volume":"18","author":"LA Ehlhardt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ehlhardt LA, Sohlberg MM, Kennedy M, Coelho C, Ylvisaker M, Turkstra L, Yorkston K (2008) Evidence-based practice guidelines for instructing individuals with neurogenic memory impairments: what have we learned in the past 20 years? Neuropsychol Rehabil 18(3):300\u2013342","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.640466","volume":"22","author":"LE Powell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Powell LE, Glang A, Ettel D, Todis B, Sohlberg MM, Albin R (2012) Systematic instruction for individuals with acquired brain injury: results of a randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil 22(1):85\u2013112","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"702_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chidambaram V, Chiang YH, Mutlu B (2012) Designing persuasive robots: how robots might persuade people using vocal and nonverbal cues. In: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot Interaction. ACM, pp 293\u2013300","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157798"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00098.x","volume":"13","author":"DB Buller","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buller DB, Burgoon JK (1986) The effects of vocalics and nonverbal sensitivity on compliance: a replication and extension. Hum Commun Res 13(1):126\u2013144","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"key":"702_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang CM, Iio T, Satake S, Kanda T (2014) Modeling and controlling friendliness for an interactive museum robot. In: Robotics: science and systems, pp 12\u201316","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2014.X.025"},{"key":"702_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasola J, Matari\u0107 M J (2010) Robot motivator: increasing user enjoyment and performance on a physical\/cognitive task. In: IEEE 9th international conference on development and learning. IEEE, pp 274\u2013279","DOI":"10.1109\/DEVLRN.2010.5578830"},{"key":"702_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petisca S, Esteves F, Paiva A (2019) Cheating with robots: how at ease do they make us feel? In: IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), pp 2102\u20132107","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8967790"},{"key":"702_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi S, Santangelo G, Staffa M, Varrasi S, Conti D, Di Nuovo A (2018) Psychometric evaluation supported by a social robot: personality factors and technology acceptance. In: 27th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp 802\u2013807","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525838"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics9020039","volume":"9","author":"S Rossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossi S, Conti D, Garramone F, Santangelo G, Staffa M, Varrasi S, Di Nuovo A (2020) The role of personality factors and empathy in the acceptance and performance of a social robot for psychometric evaluations. Robotics 9(2):39","journal-title":"Robotics"},{"key":"702_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangiovanni S, Spezialetti M, D\u2019Asaro FA, Maggi G, Rossi S (2020) Administrating cognitive tests through HRI: an application of an automatic scoring system through visual analysis. In: Social robotics. ICSR 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62056-1_31"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0469-4","volume":"10","author":"S Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi S, Staffa M, Tamburro A (2018) Socially assistive robot for providing recommendations: comparing a humanoid robot with a mobile application. Int J Soc Robotics 10(2):265\u2013278","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"key":"702_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrasi S, Di Nuovo S, Conti D, Di Nuovo A (2019) Social robots as psychometric tools for cognitive assessment: a pilot test. In: Human friendly robotics. Springer, Cham, pp 99\u2013112","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89327-3_8"},{"key":"702_CR26","unstructured":"Robert L (2018) Personality in the human robot interaction literature: a review and brief critique. In: Robert LP (ed) Proceedings of the 24th Americas conference on information systems. Personality in the human robot interaction literature: a review and brief critique, pp 16\u201318"},{"key":"702_CR27","volume-title":"Nonverbal communication in human interaction","author":"ML Knapp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knapp ML, Hall JA, Horgan TG (2013) Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning, Boston"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00909887909365204","volume":"7","author":"JF Andersen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Andersen JF, Andersen PA, Jensen AD (1979) The measurement of nonverbal immediacy. J Appl Commun Res 7(2):153\u2013180","journal-title":"J Appl Commun Res"},{"key":"702_CR29","volume-title":"Silent messages","author":"A Mehrabian","year":"1971","unstructured":"Mehrabian A et al (1971) Silent messages, vol 8. Wadsworth, Belmont"},{"key":"702_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig T, Blankenship KL, Lewis A (2015) Leveraging processing to understand linguistic cues, power and persuasion. In: The exercise of power in communication. Springer, Cham, pp 199\u2013220","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137478382_8"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00229.x","volume":"17","author":"JK Burgoon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burgoon JK, Birk T, Pfau M (1990) Nonverbal behaviors, persuasion, and credibility. Hum Commun Res 17(1):140\u2013169","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"key":"702_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal S, Williams MA (2017) Robot authority and human obedience: a study of human behaviour using a robot security guard. In: Proceedings of the companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction, pp 57\u201358","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038387"},{"key":"702_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0231-5","volume":"6","author":"R van den Brule","year":"2014","unstructured":"van den Brule R, Dotsch R, Bijlstra G, Wigboldus D, Haselager P (2014) Do robot performance and behavioral style affect human trust? A multi-method approach. Int J Soc Robotics 6:519\u2013531","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-011-0124-9","volume":"4","author":"M Salem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salem M, Kopp S, Wachsmuth I, Rohlfing K, Joublin F (2012) Generation and evaluation of communicative robot gesture. Int J Soc Robotics 4(2):201\u2013217","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.1.104","volume":"64","author":"RR Reno","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reno RR, Cialdini RB, Kallgren CA (1993) The transsituational influence of social norms. J Personal Soc Psychol 64(1):104","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"702_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman G, Forlizzi J, Ayal S, Steinfeld A, Antanitis J, Hochman G, Hochendoner E, Finkenaur J (2015) Robot presence and human honesty: experimental evidence. In: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction. ACM, pp 181\u2013188","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696487"},{"key":"702_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetz J, Kiesler S, Powers A (2003) Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human\u2013robot cooperation. In: The 12th IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication, 2003. Proceedings. ROMAN 2003. IEEE, pp 55\u201360","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2003.1251796"},{"key":"702_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fussell SR, Kiesler S, Setlock LD, Yew V (2008) How people anthropomorphize robots. In: 2008 3rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp 145\u2013152","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349842"},{"key":"702_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James J, Watson CI, MacDonald B (2018) Artificial empathy in social robots: an analysis of emotions in speech. In: 2018 27th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp 632\u2013637","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525652"},{"key":"702_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn\u00a0Jr PH, Kanda T, Ishiguro H, Gill BT, Shen S, Gary HE, Ruckert JH (2015) Will people keep the secret of a humanoid robot? Psychological intimacy in HRI. In: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction. ACM, pp 173\u2013180","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696486"},{"key":"702_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forlizzi J, Saensuksopa T, Salaets N, Shomin M, Mericli T, Hoffman G (2016) Let\u2019s be honest: a controlled field study of ethical behavior in the presence of a robot. In: 25th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp 769\u2013774","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745206"},{"key":"702_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410601520","volume-title":"Cheating on tests: how to do it, detect it, and prevent it","author":"GJ Cizek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cizek GJ (1999) Cheating on tests: how to do it, detect it, and prevent it. Routledge, Abingdon"},{"key":"702_CR43","first-page":"376","volume-title":"Personality: contemporary theory and research","author":"N Emler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Emler N (1999) Moral character. In: Derlega VJ, Winstead BA, Jones W (eds) Personality: contemporary theory and research. Nelson-Hall Publishers, Chicago, pp 376\u2013404"},{"key":"702_CR44","first-page":"13","volume":"3","author":"D O\u2019Donovan","year":"1969","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan D (1969) An historical review of the lie scale: with particular reference to the Maudsley personality inventory. Pap Psychol 3:13\u201319","journal-title":"Pap Psychol"},{"key":"702_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggi G, Dell\u2019Aquila E, Cucciniello I, Rossi S (2020) Cheating with a socially assistive robot? A matter of personality. In: Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction, HRI\u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 352\u2013354","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378334"},{"key":"702_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2019.101386","volume":"68","author":"B Leichtmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leichtmann B, Nitsch V (2020) How much distance do humans keep toward robots? Literature review, meta-analysis, and theoretical considerations on personal space in human-robot interaction. J Environ Psychol 68:101386","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"702_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi S, Staffa, M, Bove L, Capasso R, Ercolano G (2017) User\u2019s personality and activity influence on HRI comfortable distances. In: Social robotics. Springer, Cham, pp 167\u2013177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70022-9_17"},{"issue":"6","key":"702_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.6.898","volume":"131","author":"JA Hall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hall JA, Coats EJ, LeBeau LS (2005) Nonverbal behavior and the vertical dimension of social relations: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 131(6):898","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"702_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178126","volume":"12","author":"P Baxter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baxter P, Ashurst E, Read R, Kennedy J, Belpaeme T (2017) Robot education peers in a situated primary school study: personalisation promotes child learning. PLoS ONE 12(5):e0178126","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"702_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217708576","volume":"43","author":"M Weick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weick M, McCall C, Blascovich J (2017) Power moves beyond complementarity: a staring look elicits avoidance in low power perceivers and approach in high power perceivers. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 43(8):1188\u20131201","journal-title":"Personal Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"702_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neff M, Wang Y, Abbott R, Walker M (2010) Evaluating the effect of gesture and language on personality perception in conversational agents. In: International conference on intelligent virtual agents. Springer, Cham, pp 222\u2013235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15892-6_24"},{"key":"702_CR52","volume-title":"The voice of emotions. Steps to semiosis of the vocal non-verbal communication of emotion","author":"LM Anolli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anolli LM, Ciceri MR (2001) The voice of emotions. Steps to semiosis of the vocal non-verbal communication of emotion. Harmattan, Paris"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0171-x","volume":"5","author":"A Niculescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niculescu A, van Dijk B, Nijholt A, Li H, See SL (2013) Making social robots more attractive: the effects of voice pitch, humor and empathy. Int J Soc Robotics 5(2):171\u2013191","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"702_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1511\/2001.4.344","volume":"89","author":"R Plutchik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Plutchik R (2001) The nature of emotions: human emotions have deep evolutionary roots, a fact that may explain their complexity and provide tools for clinical practice. Am Sci 89(4):344\u2013350","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"702_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erriquez E, Grasso F (2008) Generation of personalised advisory messages: an ontology based approach. In: 2008 21st IEEE international symposium on computer-based medical systems. IEEE, pp 437\u2013442","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2008.103"},{"key":"702_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi S, Dell\u2019Aquila E, Bucci B (2019) Evaluating the emotional valence of affective sounds for child\u2013robot interaction. In: Social robotics. Springer, Cham, pp 505\u2013514","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35888-4_47"},{"key":"702_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paradeda R, Ferreira MJ, Martinho C, Paiva A (2018) Communicating assertiveness in robotic storytellers. In: Interactive storytelling. Springer, Cham, pp 442\u2013452","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04028-4_51"},{"issue":"4","key":"702_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-011-0108-9","volume":"3","author":"P Holthaus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holthaus P, Pitsch K, Wachsmuth S (2011) How can i help? Int J Soc Robotics 3(4):383\u2013393","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"key":"702_CR59","volume-title":"Biological dimensions of personality","author":"HJ Eysenck","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ (1990) Biological dimensions of personality. The Guilford Press, New York"},{"issue":"6","key":"702_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.12.032","volume":"50","author":"C Dazzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dazzi C (2011) The Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised (EPQ-R): a confirmation of the factorial structure in the Italian context. Personal Individ Differ 50(6):790\u2013794","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"702_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Davis GB, Davis FD (2003) User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Q 425\u2013478","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.2.220","volume":"7","author":"JA Arnett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Arnett JA, Labovitz SS (1995) Effect of physical layout in performance of the trail making test. Psychol Assess 7(2):220","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"702_CR63","first-page":"21","volume":"6","author":"H Spinnler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spinnler H (1987) Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici. Ital J Neurol Sci 6:21\u2013120","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"702_CR64","unstructured":"Tomczak M, Tomczak E (2014) The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size"},{"key":"702_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen J (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press, Cambridge"},{"key":"702_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi S, Ercolano G, Raggioli L, Savino E, Ruocco M (2018) The disappearing robot: an analysis of disengagement and distraction during non-interactive tasks. In: 2018 27th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp 522\u2013527","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525514"},{"issue":"2","key":"702_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.10.010","volume":"75","author":"IJ Tharp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tharp IJ, Pickering AD (2011) Individual differences in cognitive-flexibility: the influence of spontaneous eyeblink rate, trait psychoticism and working memory on attentional set-shifting. Brain Cogn 75(2):119\u2013125","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"702_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1089\/gg.2016.29002.nom","volume":"1","author":"T Nomura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nomura T (2017) Robots and gender. Gend Genome 1(1):18\u201325","journal-title":"Gend Genome"},{"key":"702_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00073","volume":"5","author":"AS Ghazali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghazali AS, Ham J, Barakova EI, Markopoulos P (2018) Effects of robot facial characteristics and gender in persuasive human\u2013robot interaction. Front Robotics AI 5:73","journal-title":"Front Robotics AI"},{"issue":"4","key":"702_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.110344","volume":"83","author":"TM Umaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Umaki TM, Umaki MR, Cobb CM (2012) The psychology of patient compliance: a focused review of the literature. J Periodontol 83(4):395\u2013400","journal-title":"J Periodontol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00702-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00702-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00702-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T21:19:21Z","timestamp":1639516761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00702-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00702-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. This study was partially funded by MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, Universities, and Research) within the PRIN2015 research project UPA4SAR - User-centered Profiling and Adaptation for Socially Assistive Robotics (Grant n. 2015KBL78T).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"All participants were young adult volunteers that provided consent to data analysis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}