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These variables are often latent and inferred indirectly from a third-person perspective based on an individual\u2019s behavioral manifestations (e.g., facial emotion expressions), and hence the true values of inferred psychological variables remain unknown to a robot observer. Although earlier studies have employed robot-administered psychological tests to infer psychological variables based on an individual\u2019s first-person responses, these tests were formally presented and could be tedious to some users. To leverage the validity and reliability of well-established psychological tests for user profiling with ease, the present study examined the possibility of asynchronously embedding psychological test questions into casual human\u2013robot conversations. In our experiment using a big-five personality inventory, the verbal responses from users to these asynchronous test questions were then compared with the written responses to the same personality test. The personality measures estimated from the two approaches correlated strongly in a young adult population but only moderately in an older population. These findings demonstrate the validity of the proposed asynchronous method for psychological testing in human\u2013agent interactions and suggest some caveats when this testing method is applied to older adults or other special populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00716-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T08:02:53Z","timestamp":1605859373000},"page":"1359-1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Asynchronously Embedding Psychological Test Questions into Human\u2013Robot Conversations for User Profiling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4396-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-Ren","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-Min","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua O. 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