{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T11:03:31Z","timestamp":1777719811865,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"ministry of science and technology, taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2634-F-002-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2634-F-002-042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ministry of education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2634-F-002 -018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2634-F-002 -018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2634-F-002 -016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2634-F-002 -016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2634-F-002-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2634-F-002-027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2410-H-009-027-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2410-H-009-027-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2628-H-009-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2628-H-009-001-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003848","name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Humans tend to interact socially with humanoid devices, such as robots. Therefore, a possible application of robotics technology is the promotion of pro-social behavior, namely recycling. To test the effectiveness of this application, an experimental setting in which participants were required to dispose of waste was created. Two types of electronic instructors, a robot and a tablet computer, were located close to the disposal area to provide instructions on appropriate waste disposal. The comparison of the effectiveness of the two types of electronic instructors found that participants exposed to the robot sorted the waste more accurately than participants exposed to the tablet computer. Scores for perceived anthropomorphism and induced empathy were higher for the robot than the tablet computer. We conclude that robots, because of their anthropomorphic features, are more likely to evoke empathy than tablet computers, and thus robots can be more effective in promoting pro-social behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00828-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T15:02:21Z","timestamp":1646924541000},"page":"1261-1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Robots and Sustainability: Robots as Persuaders to Promote Recycling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Yu","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueh-Yi","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Ling","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10016","key":"828_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00080-5","volume":"387","author":"II Bogoch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bogoch II et al (2016) Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet 387(10016):335\u2013336","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"828_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19857","DOI":"10.2196\/19857","volume":"8","author":"S Altmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Altmann S et al (2020) Acceptability of app-based contact tracing for COVID-19: cross-country survey study. JMIR mHealth uHealth 8(8):e19857","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"828_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.001","volume":"77","author":"J Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li J (2015) The benefit of being physically present: A survey of experimental works comparing copresent robots, telepresent robots and virtual agents. Int J Hum Comput Stud 77:23\u201337","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"828_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00523-0","volume":"11","author":"S Saunderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saunderson S, Nejat G (2019) How robots influence humans: a survey of nonverbal communication in social human\u2013robot interaction. Int J Soc Robot 11(4):575\u2013608","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"828_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100320","volume":"21","author":"NL Robinson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robinson NL et al (2020) Social robots as treatment agents: pilot randomized controlled trial to deliver a behavior change intervention. Internet Interv 21:100320","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"828_CR6","unstructured":"Kidd CD (2008) Designing for long-term human-robot interaction and application to weight loss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"828_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0082-7","volume":"3","author":"WA Bainbridge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bainbridge WA et al (2011) The benefits of interactions with physically present robots over video-displayed agents. Int J Soc Robot 3(1):41\u201352","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"2","key":"828_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2008.26.2.169","volume":"26","author":"S Kiesler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiesler S et al (2008) Anthropomorphic interactions with a robot and robot\u2013like agent. Soc Cogn 26(2):169\u2013181","journal-title":"Soc Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"828_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.11.003","volume":"62","author":"K Shinozawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shinozawa K et al (2005) Differences in effect of robot and screen agent recommendations on human decision-making. Int J Hum Comput Stud 62(2):267\u2013279","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"828_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","volume":"1","author":"C Bartneck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartneck C et al (2009) Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots. Int J Soc Robot 1(1):71\u201381","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"828_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaoula Y et al (2014) Concepts and applications of human-dependent robots. In: International conference on human interface and the management of information. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07863-2_42"},{"key":"828_CR12","unstructured":"Fishbein M, Ajzen I (1975) Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Reading"},{"issue":"2","key":"828_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50(2):179\u2013211","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"828_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","volume":"46","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Venkatesh V, Davis FD (2000) A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies. Manage Sci 46(2):186\u2013204","journal-title":"Manage Sci"},{"key":"828_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor S, Todd P (1995) Assessing IT usage: the role of prior experience. MIS Q 19(4):561\u2013570","DOI":"10.2307\/249633"},{"key":"828_CR16","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","author":"RJ Vallerand","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vallerand RJ (1997) Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In: Zanna MP (ed) Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic Press, pp 271\u2013360"},{"key":"828_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson RL, Higgins CA, Howell JM (1991) Personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS Q 15(1):125\u2013143","DOI":"10.2307\/249443"},{"key":"828_CR18","unstructured":"Bandura A (1986) Social foundations of thought and action, vol. 1986. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp 23\u201328"},{"key":"828_CR19","volume-title":"Diffusion of innovations","author":"EM Rogers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rogers EM (2003) Diffusion of innovations. Free Press, New York"},{"key":"828_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh V, et al (2003) User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Q 27(3):425\u2013478","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"issue":"4","key":"828_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","volume":"2","author":"M Heerink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heerink M et al (2010) Assessing acceptance of assistive social agent technology by older adults: the almere model. Int J Soc Robot 2(4):361\u2013375","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"1","key":"828_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153","volume":"56","author":"C Nass","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nass C, Moon Y (2000) Machines and mindlessness: social responses to computers. J Soc Issues 56(1):81\u2013103","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"828_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00311.x","volume":"19","author":"C Nass","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nass C, Steuer J (1993) Voices, boxes, and sources of messages: computers and social actors. Hum Commun Res 19(4):504\u2013527","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"key":"828_CR24","unstructured":"Reeves B, Nass C (1996) How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"828_CR25","unstructured":"Osawa H (2014) Sustainable relationship with product by implementing intentional interaction. In: The 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems"},{"key":"828_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Togler J, Hemmert F, Wettach R (2009) Living interfaces: the thrifty faucet. In: The 3rd international conference on tangible and embedded interaction. ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/1517664.1517680"},{"key":"828_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jetter HC, et al (2014) Suspicious boxes and friendly aliens: exploring the physical design of urban sensing technology. In: The first international conference on IoT in urban space. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering)","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.urb-iot.2014.257307"},{"key":"828_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer H, et al (2010) Effects of (in) accurate empathy and situational valence on attitudes towards robots. In: The 5th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction. ACM, New York","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2010.5453224"},{"key":"828_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite I, et al (2009) As time goes by: Long-term evaluation of social presence in robotic companions. In: The 18th IEEE international symposium on IEEE robot and human interactive communication, RO-MAN 2009, pp 669\u2013674","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2009.5326256"},{"issue":"3","key":"828_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.09.005","volume":"71","author":"I Leite","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leite I et al (2013) The influence of empathy in human\u2013robot relations. Int J Hum Comput Stud 71(3):250\u2013326","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"828_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-009-0028-2","volume":"3","author":"LD Riek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riek LD, Paul PC, Robinson P (2010) When my robot smiles at me: enabling human\u2013robot rapport via real-time head gesture mimicry. J Multimodal User Interfaces 3(1\u20132):99\u2013108","journal-title":"J Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"828_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo SH, et al (2015) Poor thing! Would you feel sorry for a simulated robot?: A comparison of empathy toward a physical and a simulated robot. In: The 10th annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction, pp 125\u2013132","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696471"},{"issue":"1","key":"828_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp2701_2","volume":"27","author":"CD Batson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Batson CD et al (2005) Similarity and nurturance: Two possible sources of empathy for strangers. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 27(1):15\u201325","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"828_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.32.6.1134","volume":"32","author":"D Krebs","year":"1975","unstructured":"Krebs D (1975) Empathy and altruism. J Pers Soc Psychol 32(6):1134\u20131146","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"828_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.1.105","volume":"72","author":"CD Batson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Batson CD et al (1997) Empathy and attitudes: can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? J Pers Soc Psychol 72(1):105\u2013118","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"828_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.4.776","volume":"66","author":"N Eisenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eisenberg N et al (1994) The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. J Pers Soc Psychol 66(4):776\u2013797","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"03","key":"828_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850006","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843618500068","volume":"15","author":"S Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa S et al (2018) Emotional storytelling using virtual and robotic agents. Int J Humanoid Rob 15(03):1850006","journal-title":"Int J Humanoid Rob"},{"key":"828_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan H, Sun L, \u0160abanovi\u0107 S (2016) Feeling green: empathy affects perceptions of usefulness and intention to use a robotic recycling bin. In: 25th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication. IEEE: Columbia University, New York, pp 1051\u20131056","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745238"},{"key":"828_CR39","unstructured":"Russell S (2017) Stuart Russell: three principles for creating safer AI [Video file]. http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/stuart_russell_3_principles_for_creating_safer_ai\/footnotes"},{"key":"828_CR40","unstructured":"Lee K-F (2018) Kai-Fu Lee: How AI can save our humanity. http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/kai_fu_lee_how_ai_can_save_our_humanity?language=en"},{"key":"828_CR41","unstructured":"Gruber T (2017) Tom Gruber: How AI can enhance our memory, work and social lives. http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/tom_gruber_how_ai_can_enhance_our_memory_work_and_social_lives?language=en"},{"issue":"3","key":"828_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2010.01381.x","volume":"36","author":"L Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen L (2010) Mitigating psychological reactance: the role of message-induced empathy in persuasion. Hum Commun Res 36(3):397\u2013422","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"828_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.552480","volume":"26","author":"L Shen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shen L (2011) The effectiveness of empathy-versus fear-arousing antismoking PSAs. Health Commun 26(5):404\u2013415","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"828_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271418","volume":"31","author":"BA Nosek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nosek BA, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (2005) Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 31(2):166\u2013180","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"828_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464","volume":"74","author":"AG Greenwald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JL (1998) Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol 74(6):1464\u20131480","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"828_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartneck C, et al (2009) My robotic doppelg\u00e4nger\u2014a critical look at the uncanny valley. In: RO-MAN 2009\u2014the 18th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2009.5326351"},{"issue":"4","key":"828_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023566","volume":"66","author":"R Gifford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gifford R (2011) The dragons of inaction: psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. Am Psychol 66(4):290\u2013302","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"828_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blevis E (2007) Sustainable interaction design: invention & disposal, renewal & reuse. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240705"},{"key":"828_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiSalvo C, Sengers P, Brynjarsd\u00f3ttir H (2010) Mapping the landscape of sustainable HCI. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753625"},{"key":"828_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavridis N, Bourlai T, Ognibene D (2012) The human-robot cloud: situated collective intelligence on demand. In: 2012 IEEE international conference on cyber technology in automation, control, and intelligent systems (CYBER). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2012.6392580"},{"key":"828_CR51","unstructured":"Mavridis N (2007) Grounded situation models for situated conversational assistants. Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"key":"828_CR52","unstructured":"Malassiotis S, et al (2001) A face and gesture recognition system based on an active stereo sensor. In: Proceedings 2001 international conference on image processing (Cat. No. 01CH37205). IEEE"},{"issue":"3","key":"828_CR53","first-page":"169","volume":"1","author":"N Mavridis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mavridis N et al (2010) FaceBots: steps towards enhanced long-term human-robot interaction by utilizing and publishing online social information. Paladyn, J Behav Robot 1(3):169\u2013178","journal-title":"Paladyn, J Behav Robot"},{"key":"828_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reig S, Forlizzi J, Steinfeld A (2019) Leveraging robot embodiment to facilitate trust and smoothness. In: 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction (HRI). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673226"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00828-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00828-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00828-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T08:45:18Z","timestamp":1658133918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00828-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00828-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The experiments in this study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee for Human Subject Protection at the author\u2019s institution (Application No.: NCTU-REC-107-088). The participants in all the experiments gave their written consent before participating.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}